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Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the 2 anatomical divisions of the respiratory system

A

1 upper respiratory track - sinuses , nasal cavity , pharynx , epiglottis

2 lower respiratory track - larynx , Trachea , bronchi , bronchiole , terminal and respiratory bronchiole , diaphragm , pleura , alveoli , alveoli ducts

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2
Q

Describe the 2 functioning divisions of the respiratory system

A

1 conducting portion - from nasal cavity to terminal bronchiole

2 respiratory portion - respiratory bronchiole to alveoli

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3
Q

Describe structure and function of alveoli

Function of conducting portion cartilage

A
  • sac like structures which are site for gaseous exchange to and fro blood
  • cartilage in conducting portion ensure steady flow of uninterrupted air
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4
Q

List the 2 components of nasal cavity

A

1 external dilated vestibule

2 internal nasal cavity

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5
Q

Describe change nature of skin as it enters nostrils , structure and function

A

-as skin enters nares of vestibule it changes from keratanized into pseudo-stratified

  • has sweat and sebaceous glands
  • has vibrissae to filter inspired air
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6
Q

What is 2 cavernous chambers linked by nasal septum

A

-nasal cavity

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7
Q

Describe conchae structure and its mucosa

A
  • bony like shelves extending from lateral wall of nasal cavity
  • mucosa lining has lamina propia which has vasculature
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8
Q

How is inspired air humidified and heated in nasal cavity

A
  • vasculature of lamina of propia release heat to warm it

- sebaceous and sweat gland release water to humify

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9
Q

Function of sebaceous glands mucus in nasal cavity

A

-traps particles in inspired air

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10
Q

Functions of the 2 conchae

A
  • middle and inferior are respiratory epithelium

- superior is olfactory epithelium

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11
Q

Describe the respiratory epithelium and its 5 cells and where found

A
  • most of conducting portion
  • pseudo-stratified epithelium with thick basement membrane

1 ciliated pseudo-stratified
2 goblet cells
3 basal cells - regeneration
4 brush cells - chemoreceptors with afferent nerve in basement membrane
5 small granule cells - have dense core granules , part of diffuse nueroendocrine system ( DNES )

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12
Q

List the parts olfactory epithelium

A

-mitral cell ( superior ), tufted cell ( inferior )
-olfactory bulb
/cribiform plate
-basal lamina
-olfactory epithelium ( basal cells , nerve soma , supporting cells , glands )
-mucus layer ( olfactory hairs , odor molecules)

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13
Q

Where is olfactory epithelium found and it’s function

A
  • found on upper nasals cavity plate and superior conchae

- has sensory chemoreceptors for smell sensation

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14
Q

Describe structure of olfactory neurons and function

A

/bipolar with uneven row of soma in epithelium
-dendrites project into mucus layer

-respond to odor molecules and generate action potentials to process smell

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15
Q

Describe olfactory bulb and it’s nerve

A
  • ball of synapses between mitral, tufted and olfactory nerves
  • nerve is olfactory track (cranial nerve 1 )
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16
Q

Structure and function of supporting cells In olfactory epithelium

A
  • Columnar with narrow base and wide apex
  • have tight junctions and bind to epithelium
  • maintain micro environment conducive for olfactory nerves
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17
Q

Structure and function of basal cells in olfactory epithelium

A
  • small , spherical near basal Lamina

- stem cells

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18
Q

What type of gland in Lamina propia of olfactory epithelium and function

A

-glands of Bowman
-lubricant of cilia
Facilitate access of odiferous molecules

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19
Q

Where are paranasal sinuses found and their structure

A
  • frontal , sphenoid , maxillary , ethmoid bones of skull

- few glands , goblet and thin respiratory epithelium and Lamina continuous with underlying periosteum

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20
Q

Describe the pharynx and what it leads to

A

-nasal cavity opens to nasopharnyx posteriorly which is continuous with oropharynx ( throat ) leading to epiglottis and larynx

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21
Q

Describe the larynx structure

What’s supports its structure

A

-short passage between pharynx and trachea

/hyaline cartilage in walls connected by ligaments

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22
Q

Describe the structure and function of epiglottis

A

-flattened structure projecting from upper larynx
/prevents food entering larynx

/upper surface ( lingual ) has stratified epithelium which transitions to respiratory at some points
-glands present in Lamina

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23
Q

Describe the formation and parts of structure under the epiglottis

A

-mucosa projects bidirectionally into lumen forming 2 folds separated by narrow space / ventricle

24
Q

Describe the structure of the upper ventricle folds in larynx

A

-covered by respiratory epithelium overlying glands

25
Describe the vocal folds structure
1 covered with stratified epi to protect mucosa from abrasion of fast moving air 2 elastic CT support free edge of each vocal cord 3 deep in mucosa are muscle fibers wc allow contraction of folds
26
How is sound made by larynx What is under the cords How is speech produced
- larynx ( vocal cord muscle fibre deep in mucosa ) contracts adducting the 2 folds forming narrow rima glottis and expelled air moves through it causing sound - infraglottic cavity - larynx sounds modified by lips, mouth and pharynx
27
Describe structure of trachea
-10-12 cm long in adults , Respiratory epithelium -glands in Lamina to produce watery secretions
28
What supports trachea and describe its structure and function
- c shaped cartilage , keep airway open and reinforce wall - bridged by muscle called trachealis muscle - open end on posterior part against esophagus
29
How does the trachea respond during swallowing and coughing
- trachealis muscle contracts to facilitate swallowing - allow esophagus to protrudes into it - elastic layer prevent excessive bulging. -trachealis contracts greatly to narrow lumen and provide increased velocity for expelled air
30
What does trachea branch into !? And where does it enter lungs What does bronchi give rise to and name them and their function
- into 2 primary bronchi - at hilum -into 3 secondary bronchi ( lobar ) -supply each lobe with 1 superior 2• bronchus 2 middle 2• bronchus 3 inferior 2• bronchus
31
What does 2• bronchi branch into !? What is bronchopulmonary What’s does 3• bronchi branch into
- segmental (3•) bronchi - segmental bronchi and their vessels it supplies - into bronchiole
32
Describe bronchi structure
-mucosa same as trachea but as they branch get smaller and smaller and cartilage replaced by isolated islands of cartilage
33
What makes folded appearance of bronchi mucosa Where are lymph nodes present !?
- in Lamina has smooth muscle and elastic which is responsible for contraction forming folded appearance - at branching points
34
Describe bronchiole structure
-lack mucosal glands - no cartilage -has dense CT of smooth muscle and elastic fibers -ciliated cuboidal or columnar epithelium ( in terminal ) And pseudo-stratified in larger bronchiole
35
Where are club cells found and their function and it’s structure
/found in cuboidal epithelium with non-ciliated apical ends and granules 1 secrete surfactant - lipoproteins and mucins which are lubricants 2 enzymes of SER to detoxify inhaled xenobiotic compounds 3 anti microbial particles and cytokines of immune response
36
Does bronchiole have surface foldings and why What innervates bronchi and bronchiole What does bronchiole divide into
- yes. Due to Lamina having smooth and elastic muscle - ANs - terminal bronchiole
37
What does terminal bronchiole divide Into and what does it branch into
/respiratory bronchiole - branches into alveoli ducts
38
What covers alveoli and it’s function
- elastic fibers and CT | - to allow alveoli to expand when filled with air
39
Where do alveoli ducts branch from Describe structure and ecm of alveoli What do the ducts give way to Where is capillary bed found in lungs
- distal respiratory bronchiole - thin squamous cells - strand of smooth muscle with elastic and collagen fibers network - alveoli ( the sac ) - around alveoli
40
List all components of blood air Barrier
- ( capillary membrane , fused membranes of capillary and alveoli cell , alveolar type 1 cell ) respiratory membrane - nuclei of cells - gases - alveoli CT
41
Describe structure of alveoli Function of Reticular fibers
- sac like invaginations from ducts and respiratory bronchiole - each has one side which opens up to duct -prevent collapse of alveoli during distention
42
Function of pores of Kohn
-alveolar pores penetrate septa and Join alveoli of diff bronchiole systems ( collateral circulation)
43
Describe structure of capillary beds in alveoli
- tight junctions to prevent tissue leaking into alveoli - continuous to control gases exchange - organelles perinuclear allowing rest of cell to be thin
44
Describe type 1 alveolar cells
-attenuated /organelles perinuclear -alveoli side of blood brain barrier 95% of alveoli
45
Describe structure and anatomy of type 2 pneumocytes
- cuboidal cells bound to type 1 by desmosomes and tight junctions - occur in 2-3 at type 1 joinings - have same basal Lamina as type 1
46
Function of type 2 pneumocytes
-has vesicles called lamellae bodies which have lipids that are surfactant for type 1 to spread over aqueous phase 1 decrease surface tension - prevent collapse during exhalation 2 less force required during inhalation
47
What are dust cells in respiratory system and their function How to differentiate from type 2 pneumocytes
- alveoli macrophages which phagocytize damaged capillaries and xenobiotic particles - darker due to dust and hemosiderins
48
Fate of dust cells after phagocytosis
1 remain in septum 2 exit in lymphatic drainage 3 taken to bronchiole for exit to trachea
49
How is damaged alveoli repaired
- type 2 diff and proliferate | - stem cells
50
Describe the 2 blood circulation systems in lungs
1 bronchial - rich O2 blood to pulmonary vein 2 pulmonary - o2 depleted blood from pulmonary artery
51
Describe path of vasculature ( pulmonary ) from hilum in lung and back
- enter hilum and move along bronchi - at arterial respiratory bronchiole become anastomose - Venules occur singly and follow bronchial tee to hilum
52
What supplies lung with blood Where does it enter Where does the vessel drain What structures does it supply blood to ( or a what level )
-bronchial arteries -at hilum /at pulmonary artery entering capillary networks -at respiratory bronchiole level
53
What is pleural membrane and describe its function
- lung outer surface and thoracic cavity internal wall - has 2 walls ( inner visceral pleural and outer parietal pleural ) - continuous at hilum
54
What lines pleural ( both layers )
-mesothelial that produces thin film with of serous fluid which is lubricant to allow movement of other organs across it easily
55
What happens to respiratory system during inhalation
-external intercostal muscles contract elevating rib -diaphragm contraction lowering bottom half of thoracic cavity increasing its diameter -bronchi increase in length and diameter /respiratory portion increases due to dust and little due to alveoli
56
What happens to lungs during exhalation
-lungs retract passively

Anatomy (15 decks)

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