RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
MAIN FUNCTION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
A
To supply blood with oxygen and give off carbon dioxide
2
Q
4 events under respiratory system
A
- Pulmonary ventilation
- External Respiration
- Internal Respiration
- Gas transport
3
Q
moving in and out of air. Also called as breathing
A
Pulmonary Ventilation
4
Q
exchange of gases within the external environment
A
External Respiration
5
Q
Oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood vessels > RBC.
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood vessels to the lungs
A
External Respiration
6
Q
Location: alveoli (lungs)
A
External respiration
7
Q
air spaces in the lungs where gas exchange happen
A
alveoli
8
Q
exchange of gases within the internal environment and involves tissue
A
Internal Respiration
9
Q
Oxygen diffuses from blood vessels > RBC to tissues. Carbon
dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood vessles.
A
Internal Respiration
10
Q
Summary how oxygen and CO2 travels in our body
A
Gas transport
11
Q
- Oxygen- Lungs- Blood Vessels- Tissues
2. Carbon Dioxide- Tissues- Blood Vessels- Lungs
A
Gas transport
12
Q
Other Functions of Respiratory System:
A
- Regulation of Blood pH
- Voice Production
- Olfaction (Smell)
- Innate Immunity
13
Q
Jutting external portion is supported by bone and cartilage
A
Nose
14
Q
FUNCTIONS OF NOSE
A
- provides an airway for respiration
- moistens and warms entering air
- filters and cleans inspired air
- serves as a resonating chamber for speech
- houses the olfactory (smell) receptors
15
Q
only external portion of the respiratory
A
Nose
16
Q
area between the eyebrows and most superior portion
A
root
17
Q
located between the eyebrows
A
root and bridge
18
Q
tip of the nose; distal portion of the nose
A
Apex
19
Q
opening of the nose/ holes
A
Nares/ Nostrils/ Naris
20
Q
lateral portion of the nares
A
Alae
21
Q
from the bridge extending down to the tip (extending portion)
A
Dorsum Nasi
22
Q
only part of the nose made up of bone
A
Bridge/ Nose bridge/ nasal bone
23
Q
Why do nose vary in size and shape?
A
Differences in nasal cartilage
24
Q
Why is nose oily
A
Because it is studded with sebaceous gland which produces sebum
25
Parts of the internal nose
1. Nasal Septum
| 2. Conchae/ Turbinates
26
T/F: Nose is protruding in the external environment, so the oil is secreted more. This is part of the homeostasis
True
27
Also called as internal nose
Nasal Cavity
28
separates the nasal cavity from right to left
Nasal Septum
29
- ridges of the nasal cavity which function to filter, warm
| and moisture air.
Conchae/Turbinates
30
where the air that is being received from the nostril travels
Nasal Cavity
31
divides the two nasal cavity
Nasal septum
32
T/F: In turbinates, the air deflects in the mucosal surface of turbinates so all non-gaseous particle are trapped in the turbinates.
True
33
lighten the skull, act as a resonating chamber and made up of cilia to
sweep away mucus out of the sinus
Paranasal Sinuses
34
overproduction of mucus will result to an infection called
sinusitis
35
The changing of voice due to sinusitis is caused by the
Sinuses
36
air filled spaces or caviity located within the certain bones of the skull
Paranasal sinuses
37
Common passageway of both respiratory and digestive systems.
PHARYNX
38
Approximately 13cm in length extending from the base of the skull to the sixth vertebrae.
Also known as “throat”
PHARYNX
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opening of the pharynx
Choane
40
3 divisions of the pharynx:
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
41
Extends from choane to uvula. Air passageway only.
Nasopharynx
42
Location of nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsils
43
helpful to kill pathogens going into the respiratory tract
Pharyngeal tonsils
44
runs superiorly which closes the
| nasopharynx and prevents food from coming inside.
uvula and soft palate
45
protects the nasopharynx from getting in and accumulating food that can come out in our nose
uvula
46
Extends from uvula to epiglottis to oral cavity. Food and air passageway.
Oropharynx
47
made from stratified squamous epithelium to protect from abrasion
Oropharynx
48
Extends from epiglottis to esophagus. More food and less air passage
Laryngopharynx
49
Few air passes through to prevent too much gas contents to the digestive tract
Laryngopharynx
50
When foreign substances enter the nasal cavity
Sneeze reflex
51
where the action potential will be carried by the sensory neurons to the
trigeminal nerve and medulla oblongata
52
move inferiorly to open the airway (sneeze)
Uvula and soft palate
53
exposure to bright light
Photic sneeze reflex
54
ACHOO means
Autosomal-Dominant Compelling Helio Ophthalmic
| Outburst
55
Located in the anterior throat and it connects superiorly to the pharynx and
inferiorly to the trachea.
LARYNX
56
Approximately 5cm extending from the 3rd cervical to the 6th cervical vertebrae. Has 9 cartilages
LARYNX
57
Also known as the voicebox
LARYNX
58
Largest and is attached to the hyoid bone. Adam’s apple
Thyroid Cartilage
59
Inferior to the thyroid, forms the base of the larynx
Cricoid cartilage
60
Prevents food from entering the larynx. Will not work if sleeping
Epiglottis
61
Unpaired in larynx:
1. Thyroid cartilage
2. Cricoid Cartilage
3. Epiglottis
62
Paired in larynx
1. Cuneiform
2. Corniculate
3. Arytenoid
63
air passageway and voice production
larynx folds
64
No role in sound production. When 2 false vocal cords come together, they prevent air from leaving the
lungs. (Hold breath)
Vestibular folds (False vocal cords)
65
Medial pair, glottis: opening, function to produce sound
Vocal folds (true vocal cords)
66
When talking, true vocal cords come together and produce vibration (sound)
Vocal cords (true vocal cords)
67
Slower Vibration – Deeper Voice/Low Pitch
Longer and Thicker Larynx
68
Faster Vibration – Higher Pitch
Shorter and Thinner Larynx
69
* Descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum.
* Consists of connective tissue and smooth muscle
TRACHEA
70
(located anteriorly)
| - Has cartilage rings to help protect and support trachea from collapsing despite of the pressure changes inside.
Connective Tissue
71
located posteriorly, For flexibility
• Smooth Muscle/Trachealis
72
is lined with pseudostratified columnar which is made up of cilia and goblet cells (produces mucus).
trachea
73
sweeps away the mucus produced by the goblet cells out of the trachea.
cilia
74
replaces pseudostratified columnar
squamous epithelium
75
The end of the trachea (tracheal bifurcation)
carina
76
Main bronchi
Primary Bronchi
77
Lobar bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
78
Segmental bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi
79
smaller branches
Bronchioles
80
Principal organs of respiration
Lungs
81
resting on the diaphragm
Base
82
extending superiorly to a point about 2.5 cm above the clavicle.
Apex
83
Lungs is divided into two:
right and left lung
84
* Trachea divides from right and left bronchus
* The left is more horizontal because it is crowded by heart
* The right is wider, shorter and vertical.
* The bronchi is located from proximal to distal
Bronchi
85
tendency for an expanded lung to decrease in size
Lung recoil
86
Lung recoil occurs because:
1. Connective tissue of lungs is made up of elastic fibers
2. Alveoli has surface tension (elastic property of fluid surface wherein water molecules are attracted to each other. Since there is surface tension in the alveoli, water molecules compressed, so as alveoli – recoil)
87
is important to reduce surface tension
Surfactant
88
T/F: Too much surface tension can lead to lung collapse.
TRUE
89
• Each lung is surrounded by a separate ______
pleural cavity
90
Each pleural cavity is line with a serous membrane called
pleura
91
lines chest wall, mediastinum and diaphragm.
Parietal Pleura
92
lines the surface of the lungs
Visceral pleura
93
is produced by the pleural membranes that functions to act as a lubricant
and to help hold the pleural membrane together.
Pleural fluid
94
T/F: If the pressure in the pleural cavity is less than the alveolar pressure, the alveoli tend to expand
TRUE
95
Process of moving air into and out of the lungs.
Ventilation
96
```
o External intercostals contract
o Lungs stretch
o Intrapulmonary volume increases
o Intrapulmonary pressure decreases
o Ribs elevate
o Diaphragm contracts
```
INSPIRATION/ INHALATION
97
```
o Internal intercostals contract/ External intercostals relax
o Lungs recoil
o Intrapulmonary volume decreases
o Intrapulmonary pressure increases
o Ribs depress
o Diaphragm moves superiorly and relaxes
```
Expiration/ Exhalation
98
Site of gas exchange
Alveoli
99
Exchange of gas across the respiratory membrane is influenced by:
* Respiratory membrane thickness (must not be too thick)
* Surface area (must be large)
* Partial Pressure
100
Process of measuring volumes of air that moves into and out of the respiratory tract.
Spirometry
101
amount of air movement during different portions of ventilation
Respiratory/Pulmonary Volume
102
The device of process of measuring volumes of air that moves into and out of the respiratory tract
Spirometer
103
sum/combination of two or more respiratory volume
Respiratory/Pulmonary Capacity
104
PULMONARY VOLUMES:
1. Tidal Volume
2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
3. Expiratory Reserve Volume
4. Residual Volume
105
Pulmonary Capacities:
1. Functional Residual Capacity
2. Inspiratory Capacity
3. Vital Capacity
4. Total Lung capacity
106
amount of air inspired/ expired each breath
Tidal Volume: 500ml
107
amount of air that can be inspired forcefully beyond resting tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume: 3,000 ml
108
amount of air that can ve expired forcefully beyond resting tidal volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume: 1,100 ml
109
volume of air that is still remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
Residual volume: 1,200ml
110
Expiratory + Residual
Functional Residual Capacity: 2,300 ml
111
Tidal + Inspiratory
Inspiratory Capacity: 3,500 ml
112
Inspiratory + Tidal + Expiratory
Vital Capacity: 4,600 ml
113
Vital + Residual
Total Lung Capacity: 5,800 ml
114
Thyroid Cartilage pair is
Cuneiform
115
Cricoid Cartilage pair is
Corniculate
116
Epiglottis pair is
Arytenoid
117
Passageway of air to the lungs divided into two: right and left
Bronchi
118
More horizontal bc it is the heart is residing in this
Left side of the bronchi
119
More vertical
Right side of the bronchi
120
The function is for air passageway, warms and moisten air coming from our lungs
Bronchial tree
121
partitions that divides the lungs
Fissure
122
Horizontal fissure one in right
Horizontal fissure
123
Oblique fissure two left and right
Oblique fissure
124
Pressure exerted by mixture of gases
Partial pressure
125
PO2 (Partial pressure of oxygen) in atmospheric air
160mm Hg
126
PCO2 (Partial pressure of carbon dioxide) in atmospheric air
0.3 MM Hg
127
PO2 ALVEOLAR AIR
104 mm Hg
128
PCO2 ALVEOLAR AIR
40 mm Hg
129
PO2 BLOOD ENTERING THE LUNGS
40 mm Hg
130
PCO2 BLOOD ENTERING THE LUNGS
45 mm Hg
131
Oxygen loaded form of hemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin
132
PO2 BLOOD LEAVING THE LUNGS
95-100 mm Hg
133
PCO2 BLOOD LEAVING THE LUNGS
40 mm Hg
134
PO2 BODY TISSUES
< 40 mm Hg
135
PCO2 BODY TISSUES
> 45 mm Hg
136
PO2 blood from the lungs
100 mm Hg
137
PCO2 Blood from the lungs
40 mm Hg
138
made up of elastic fibers
Connective Tissue
139
elastic property of fluid surface wherein water molecules are attracted to each other
Surface tension
140
bronchi is located from?
proximal to distal
141
more horizontal because it is crowded by heart
left bronchus
142
wider, shorter and vertical.
right bronchus
