Respiratory system Flashcards
(34 cards)
What is the respiratory membrane?
It is a thin membrane composed of the walls of the alveoli and capillaries.
What is the framework of the larynx?
An intricate arrangement of nine cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments.
What is the hilum?
An indentation in the mediastinal surface of the lung and through this the pulmonary and systemic blood vessesl, the bronchi, the lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and leave the lung.
What divides the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung?
The oblique fissure
How is the right lung divided?
The superior the middle and the inferior lobes. Separated by the oblique and horizontal fissure.
What is septa?
connective tissue that separates the bronchopulmonay segments.
What are the the 3 types of alveoli cells
Type 1 alveolar cells - squamous epithelial cells that form the major part of the alveolar walls.
Type 2 alveolar cells - cuboidal epithelial cells scattered among the type 1 cells. They secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins.
Alveolar macrophages - these crawl freely along internal alveloar surfaces consuming bacteria, dust, and other debris.
What is the lung surrounded by and what is it connected to and by?
Surrounded by pleura and is connected to the mediastinum by vascular and bronchal attachments called the lung root.
What are the walls of the alveoli composed of and what are they surrounded by?
Composed of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells called type 1 alveolar cells. They are surrounded by a flimsy basement membrane.
How does the bronchial tree subdivide?
Right and left main bronchi lobar and segmental bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveloar sac Alveolus
What are the 2 circulatory systems that services the respiratory system? Describe each.
Pulmonary and bronchial circulatory systems.
Describe the pulmonary system (circulatory)
Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Blood is oxygenated in the lungs.
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart.
Describe the bronchial system (circulatory).
Bronchial arteries originating from aorta carry oxygenated blood to the lung tissue.
Bronchial veins drain some but most venous blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins.
Describe the parietal pleura
It covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm. It continues around the heart and between the lungs.
What is the visceral pleura?
It covers the external lung surface.
What is contained in the pleural cavity?
Pleural fluid to lubricate the lungs and prevent friction.
How is the thoracic cavity divided and by what?
The pleurae divide the thoracic cavity into 3 chambers. 1) Central mediastinum 2) lateral pleural compartments containing a lung each.
What 2 forces act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall? What counteracts this?
Recoil and surface tension of the alveolar fluid. These lung collapsing forces are counteracted by the natural elasticity of the chest wall.
What is atelactasis?
Lung collapse
Bronchiole becomes plugged or air enters the pleural cavity.
What muscles are involved in expanding the chest during deep inhalation?
Scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles
What are the contributors to lung compliance?
Elastin, alveolar surface tension, pleural tension.
What is the carina?
The lowest tracheal cartilage which marks the beginning of the right and left primary bronchi.
What do the primary bronchi subdivide into?
Secondary (lobar) bronchi.
What do the secondary bronchi subdivide into?
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi.
