Respiratory system Flashcards
(22 cards)
What is acute tonsilits? What are the four categories? Etiology? Explain the clinical outcomes.
- inflammation of tonsils (happens at lymphatic tissue)
- can be categorised into follicular, lacunar, necrotic, catarrhal (FLNC)
Etiology: streptococci (gram + ve cocci bacteria)
Clinical outcomes
- miliary bubble-like bodies coated in yellow-white colour seen on mucous layer of tonsil (follicular acute tonsilitis)
- island-sized marks on tonsil - lacunar acute tonsilitis
- increased size and volume of palatine tonsils
- increased blood supply to oropharynx
- symptoms similar to intoxication are observed:
- headache
- hyperthermia
- tiredness
What is adenoid/glandular vegetation? What are the clinical outcomes? Treatment?
Adenoid/glandular vegetation is delay in growth of the nasopharyngeal tonsil(s)
Clinical symptoms are:
- sunken wings of nose
- reduced use of nasal passages
- tissue growth in medial part of zygomatic bone
- hypertophy of the palatine tonsil(s)
- adenoid habitus (nasal pronounciation, sleepy mood, open mouth)
- snoring during sleep
- walking with an open mouth
- hypoxia - delay of intellectual development
Treatment
- removal of adenoids (surgery or scraping away (if soft)
What is pneumonia? Etiology? Clinical presentations? Percussion? Auscultation
Inflammation of lungs
Etiology:
Streptococcus pneumoniae; staphylococcus;
Viral origin in breastfeeding children
Clinical manifestations
- tissue destroyed unilaterally
- cough (dry, moist), cold (nasal catarrh)
- hyperthermia, low apetite
- dyspnea
- pallor of skin
- cyanosis around mouth
Percussion
- less resonance - tympanic sound
Ascultation of the lungs
- weakened/exaggerated breath
- rale (dry or moist); (small, medium and course bubbling)
- crepitation is heard best at (end of inspiration)
What is Waldeyer’s lymphoid ring?
- ring of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx that comprises 6 tonsils:
- 2 x palatine tonsil
- 2 x tonsils near auditory tubes (torus tubaris)
- pharyngeal tonsil (on top of nasopharynx)
- laryngeal tonsil (glossal)
Are the palatine tonsils of a newborn visible?
No
- in newborns, the palatine tonsils are in between the anterior and posterior palatine arches
They are visible in the child when they are 1 years old.
What are the functions of the pharynx?
- respiration
- swallowing
- resonance (making sound)
What is this?
Fauces
- hollow cavity at the back of the mouth
What happens to Eustachian tubes as a newborn develops?
Eustachian tubes become:
- narrower
- longer
- sinuous?
- angled upwards
How is the pharynx divided?
Three sections
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngeal
What is the larynx?
funnel-shaped region in the throat
- lies at IV cervical vertebra
adopts a more cylindrical forms; becomes wider and descends by 1 - 1.5 vertebrae
- vocal fissure is narrow; muscles get tired easily
- vocal cords and mucosa are soft, vascularised and rich in lymphoid tissue
What are the features of the trachea in a newborn?
- longer than adult
- wide and doubles in diameter by age 15
- made of 16-20 cartilages
- bifurcation point is higher up
- walls are soft and easily palpable
- mucous membrane is dry, soft and has a good blood supply
What are the features of the bronchi and bronchioles in newborn?
Bronchi is divided into three sections:
- primary (after bifurcation of trachea)
- secondary (lobar)
- tertiary (segmental)
Bronchi in children are wider
- right bronchus continues from trachea
What is acute laryngitis? Etiology? Clinical manifestations?Treatment
- inflammation of voicebox
Etiology: mainly viral/possibly bacterial
- stenotic laryngitis is present in children (due to their anatomy) = pseudocroup
Clinical manifestations
- barking croup
- hoarse voice
- dyspnea (inspiratory)
- tachycardia
- restlessness
Treatment
- intubation
- tracheostomy
What is the respiratory rates in a newborn? A 1-year-old? 5-year-old? 10-year-old? > 12-year-old?
40-60 / min: newborn 30-35 / min: 1-year-old 25 / min: 5-year-old 20 / min: 10-year-old 16-20 / min: > 12-year-old
How can breathing rate be measured?
- count contractions of the thorax visually
- count frequency of inhalations during auscultation
- count frequency of inhalations over nostril using stethoscope (auscultation)
- count breathing rate movements of hand placed on thorax
What is the state of Eustachio’s tubes in a newborn? How do they change as the child grows?
In breastfeeding age, Eustachio’s tubes are wide, short, straight and horizontal
As the child gets older, thesy become more narrow, longer, cruved and angled
What does the larynx aka voicebox look like in newborns?
The larynx adopts a funnel shape in a newborn and is longer in children than in adults. As he child gets older, it becomes more cylindrical
When does intense formation of alveoli happen in children? (hint the terrible “___”)? When are the alveoli fully mature?
2 years old
Alveoli are fully mature at 8 years of age
What is the composition of the epithelium in newborns? What is their function?
The epithelium is made of two layers:
- alveocytes I (mainly covered the lungs)
- alveocytes II , these cells have two functions:
1. they are back-up cells for alveocytes I
2. produce lung surfactant
When does surfactant production begin in gestation?
What is its purpose?
Surfactant (phospholipid complex) production starts in 24-28th week of gestation- very slowly; rapid increase begins near 34th week of gestation.
Purpose of surfactant is to prevent collapse of alveoli due to surface tension
Ninja nerd lecture on surfactant
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjLCu8qe2nI)
Along the respiratory tract there are intrathoracic lymph nodes , what are they?
Tracheal Tracheo-bronchial Bronchopulmonary Pulmonary Anterior and posterior nodes of mediastinum Parasternal
What are the features of whooping cough (pertussis)?
- happens at night
- continous cough, one after another
- hyperemia
- cyanosis
After coughing for a long period, there is an inspiratory whoop!
- puffiness of skin
- lacrimation
