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Biology 264- MCC > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Pulmonary ventilation consists of ________ and _______.

A

inspiration, expiration

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2
Q

External respiration- oxygen diffuses from ______ to _______. For internal respiration, oxygen diffuses from _______ to ________.

A

lungs to blood; blood to tissue cells

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3
Q

Name the tonsils located in the nasopharynx.

A

Pharyngeal and tubal

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4
Q

The epiglottis is a/an ________ cartilage flap that prevents food from entering the larynx.

A

elastic cartilage

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5
Q

Moving from the nasopharynx to the oropharynx and laryngopharynx, you will find the epithelium changes from ciliated pseudostratified columnar to ____________.

A

Stratified squamous

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6
Q

Name the three functions of the larynx.

A

airway w/ cartilage rings that prevent collapse, direct air and food (epiglottis), and produce vocal sounds (vocal fold).

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7
Q

Symptoms of this illness include hoarseness, lost voice, sore throat, dry throat.

A

Laryngitis (inflamed larynx). Due to infection or overuse.

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8
Q

This zone moves air only in the bronchial tree.

A

Conducting zone

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9
Q

This zone moves air in and out of blood.

A

Respiratory (considered external respiration)

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10
Q

This muscle in the trachea contracts when you cough

A

Trachealis

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11
Q

This sickness of the throat is due to overuse, irritation, or infection. Symptoms include hoarseness, lost voice, sore throat, dry cough

A

Laryngitis

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12
Q

These tense which change the diameter of the glottis, which in turn changes vibration as air rushes through the glottis.

A

Vocal folds

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13
Q

Terminal bronchioles are the smallest branches of the _________ zone.

A

Conducting

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14
Q

Respiratory bronchioles are the first branch of the ________ zone.

A

Respiratory zone

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15
Q

These C-shaped parts of the trachea help maintain its shape and are made up of _______ cartilage.

A

Hyaline

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16
Q

Name the 3 layers of the trachea from deep to superficial.

A

Mucosa (ciliated pseudostratified columnar ep), submucosa, adventitia (dense irregular CT)

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17
Q

Name the fluid secreted by Type 2 alveolar cells that helps reduce the surface tension of water and prevent collapse.

A

Surfactant

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18
Q

A fused basement membrane connects the alveolar ep and capillary ________.

A

Endothelium

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19
Q

Bronchial arteries provide oxygen to the lungs and arise from the aorta and enter the lungs at the _______.

A

Hilum. Part of systemic circulation (not pulmonary)

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20
Q

Bronchial veins________ with pulmonary veins to return blood to the heart.

A

anastomose

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21
Q

Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve leads to bronchoconstriction/bronchodilation.

A

bronchoconstriction

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22
Q

How are bronchopulmonary segments clinically significant?

A

Pulmonary disease is often confined to only a few segments and they can be removed while the rest of the lungs still function (each segment has own artery/vein)

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23
Q

Inflammation of the membranes around the lungs and thoracic cavity is called ________. Commonly caused by pneumonia, this can cause friction while breathing, excess fluid production, and can lead to build up of fluid (and even a collapsed lung).

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A

Pleurisy (pleural membranes)

24
Q

Name the term for lung collapse and two forces that promote it.

Study These Flashcards
A

Atelectasis. Elasticity of lungs and surface tension of alveolar fluid

25
This is the pressure in the alveoli and it normalizes with the atmosphere during each breath.
Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)
26
Pressure between the visceral and parietal pleura which is -4mm Hg.
Intrapleural pressure (Pip)
27
Pressure difference between Pip and Ppul
Transpulmonary pressure
28
A wound to the parietal pleura or rupture of the visceral pleura can lead to _________, which is air in the pleural cavity.
Pneumothorax
29
Name the law that state pressure varies inversely with volume.
Boyle's law
30
This pressure drops by 1mm Hg during inspiration and increases by 1mm Hg during expiration.
Intrapulmonary pressure
31
Asthmas is caused by irritants the activate a _________ reflex causing vigorous bronchoconstriction reducing air flow in the lungs. It is treated with inhaled ___________.
parasympathetic, bronchodilators (NorE)
32
Why is lung collapse a concern for premature babies?
They don't produce surfactant until 32 weeks and can produce too little. Called IRDS.
33
What is lung compliance?
The lungs ability to stretch.
34
Obstructive lung diseases lead to __________ TLC, FRC, and RV.
Increased- the lungs hyperinflate (COPD and bronchitis) and you can't get rid of air
35
___________ lung diseases lead to decreased VC, TLC, FRC, and RV.
Restrictive- lung expansion is limited due to fibrosis or sarcoidosis.
36
How is minute ventilation measured?
Breaths/minute X volume/breath
37
What is dead space volume and how does it factor into alveolar ventilation rate?
Air outside of the alveoli; you reduce the tidal volume by the DSV and multiply it by breaths/minute for alveolar ventilation rate
38
How does tachypnea (shallow breathing) affect alveolar ventilation rate?
Tidal volume decreases towards DSV and the lungs don't move enough oxygen to the tissues.
39
This laws states that the total pressure by a mixture of gases equals the sum of pressure of each gas (partial pressure).
Dalton's law
40
This law states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, it will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure.
Henry's law
41
Name 4 factors that influence internal/external respiration
Partial pressure gradients, gas solubilities, structural characteristic of respiratory membrane, and ventilation/perfusion coupling
42
Differentiate between perfusion and ventilation
Perfusion is blood flow in pulmonary capillaries reaching the alveoli; ventilation is the amount of gas reaching the alveoli
43
How does PO2 influence perfusion?
When P02 is low, blood is moving O2 away more quickly than ventilation can replenish, so arterioles constrict to slow blood flow. When PO2 is high (from high ventilation), pulmonary arterioles dilate to increase blood flow to that area.
44
How does PCO2 influence ventilation?
A high blood PCO2 causes bronchioles to dilate in order to remove CO2 more quickly from the lungs.
45
O2 binding one hemoglobin leads to _______ _______ in other and an increased affinity for additional O2 binding.
confirmational change
46
Name 4 factors that decrease hemoglobin O2 saturation.
increased temp, PCO2, H+, or BPG
47
_______ is a lack of O2 delivered to tissues.
Hypoxia (anemic- low RBC count or low Hb, ischemic- impaired circulation, histotoxic- cells can't use O2 delivered to them like with cyanide poisoning, hypoxemic- reduced blood PO2 often from low environmental O2 or perfusion/ventilation disorder
48
In the blood, what is the most common form CO2 is transported as?
Combined with HCO3-, H2CO3
49
What is the chloride shift?
When HCO3- moves out of RBCs into the plasma, Cl- is needed to counterbalance that movement.
50
How are the pH reducing effects of H+ ions from this equation mostly negated (H2O + CO2 H2CO3HCO3- + H+)?
Too much H+ removed by combining HCO2-, and also H+ bind deoxyHb (hemoglobin)
51
Which part of the medulla contains rhythm generators for breathing and also control the depths of breaths as well?
Ventral resp group
52
The ____ _____ ______ interacts with the VRG and DRG to smooth respiratory patterns and regulate more complex breathing
Pontine resp centers
53
Which is most important in influencing breathing rate and depth? A. PO2 B. H+ C. temp D. PCO2
D
54
How does increased PCO2 (hypercapnia) most effect breathing?
CO2 accumulate in the brain; it is hydrated to HCO3- and H+. H+ accumulates and pH drops, which excites central chemoreceptors. These synapse with the respiratory regulatory centers and as a result, breathing depth and rate increase.
55
How does hyperventilation lead to dizziness or fainting?
Too much removal of CO2 leads to constriction of cerebral blood vessels and reduces brain perfusion.
56
This disease is distinguished by a permanent enlargement of the alveoli due to trapped air and the destruction of alveolar walls.
Emphysema
57
This disease is caused by excessive mucus and the muscosae become inflamed and fibrosed.
Chronic bronchitis

Biology 264- MCC (4 decks)

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