Respiratory System

Question 1

What are the types of cellular work that use ATP?

Answer 1

1. Chemical
2. Mechanical
3. Transport

Question 2

 what part of the cellular respiration equation represents the digestive system?

Answer 2

(On the reactants side)

C6H12O6 +6 H2O

Question 3

What part of the cellular respiration equation represents the respiratory system?

Answer 3

(Reactants side) 6 O2

(Products side) 6 CO2

Question 4

What are the two subdivisions of the respiratory system?

Answer 4

Functional subdivision

1. Conducting zone
2. Respiratory zone (gas exchange)

Anatomical subdivision

1. Upper airway
2. Respiratory tract 

Question 5

What does the upper airway include?

Answer 5

Pharynx, larynx, nasal cavity, oral cavity, epiglottis, glottis 

Question 6

What anatomical structures make up the respiratory tract ?

Answer 6

Trachea, esophagus, lungs, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi and down? ??

Question 7

The conducting zone includes everything except?

Answer 7

 The respiratory bronchioles, alveoli and alveolar sac. Everything above is part of the conducting zone

Question 8

What humidifies the air in the respiratory tract?

Answer 8

Mucus

Question 9

Mucus traps particulate matters and cilla function to move mucus up

Answer 9

Mucus escalator

Question 10

The parasympathetic nervous system causes bronchial constriction or bronchodilation?

Answer 10

Bronchial constriction

Bronchodilation for sympathetic

Question 11

What are the epithelial cells that secrete mucus?

Answer 11

Goblet cells

Question 12

Cartilage increases as you go up or down the respiratory track?

Answer 12

Up

Question 13

Smooth muscle increases when you go up or down the respiratory track?

Answer 13

Down

Question 14

Goblet cells increase as you go up or down the respiratory tract?

Answer 14

Up

Question 15

Cillia increases as you go up or down the respiratory tract?

Answer 15

Up

Question 16

What is inside the walls of the alveolus?

Answer 16

Water

Question 17

What are the three important cells of the Alveolus? 

Answer 17

• type one cells
• type two cells
• alveolar macrophage 

Question 18

Important cells that form the wall of the Alveolus

Answer 18

Type one cells (simple squamous epithelium)

Question 19

Important cells of the alveolus that produce pulmonary surfactant

Answer 19

Type two cells

-key to improve infant death prevention

Question 20

Produced by type two cells that decreases surface tension of water. Without this the alveolus would collapse and get stuck together due to cohesive force of water

Answer 20

Pulmonary surfactant

Question 21

Cells in the alveolus that gobbles up stuff

Answer 21

Alveolar macrophage 

Question 22

What is the respiratory membrane made up of? (The membrane that gases must diffuse)

Answer 22

1. Type one cells
2. Fused basement membrane
3. Capillary endothelial cell

Question 23

What is it called when all things are going in the same direction? (By pressure gradient)

Answer 23

Bulk flow (part of external respiration)

Question 24

Internal respiration is also known as…

Answer 24

Cellular respiration * anaerobic respiration

Question 25

What are the four parts of external respiration? 

Answer 25

1. Pulmonary ventilation- gases into or out of the lung, the process of *bulk flow 2. Diffusional exchange between the alveolus and the blood 3. Gas transport in the blood *bulk flow 4. Diffusional exchange between blood and tissues (cells) 

Question 26

What forms the thoracic cavity? | Helps expand the chest

Answer 26

* Diaphragm | * chest wall (rib cage, sternum, thoracic vertebrae, connective tissue, intercostal muscles)

Question 27

The interplural space (fluid-filled) is between….

Answer 27

Visceral pleura and parietal pleura

Question 28

What makes up the pleural sac?

Answer 28

Visceral pleura, interpleural space, parietal pleura

Question 29

Boyles law is an inverse relationship between __________ and __________

Answer 29

Volume and pressure | (Think of number of air molecules and size of space) 

Question 30

What does Boyle’s law simplify to? PV=nRT

Answer 30

P ≈ n/v (n= Number of solutes/particles)

Question 31

* know the relationship of the equations, if one variable goes up what happens? Etc.

Answer 31

***

Question 32

What is ohms law for gases and liquids?

Answer 32

Q = (P1-P2/R) ``` Q= flow  R= resistance (low) ``` Delta P usually only 1 mmHg

Question 33

R = (n l / r^4)

Answer 33

``` n= viscosity of air or fluid l= length r= radius ``` Most important factor is radius! Mucus can change radius

Question 34

For ohms law, what determines the direction of flow?

Answer 34

If either P1 or P2 is greater, it will flow in opposite direction

Question 35

What are the necessary pressures to know to understand mechanics of pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 35

* atmospheric pressure (P atm) * intra-alveolar pressure (P alv) * Intrapleural pressure (P ip) *  transpulmonary (AKA transmural) pressure (P TP)

Question 36

What is atmospheric pressure (P atm)?

Answer 36

Outside pressure 1 atm = 760 mmHg As the altitude increases pressure in atmosphere decreases By convention we refer to (P atm) as 0 mmHg reference

Question 37

What is intra-alveolar pressure (P alv)?

Answer 37

Pressure in Alveolus Normally varies from -1 (goes into the lung) to one (go out of lung) mm Hg for a quiet breathing

Question 38

What is intrapleural pressure (P IP)?

Answer 38

Pressure in the intrapleural space Normally ranges from -4 to -6 mm Hg (increase volume by pulling intrapleural space apart) 

Question 39

What is transpulmonary pressure (P TP)? AKA transmural

Answer 39

The distending pressure (P alv) - (P IP) My no air is moving in or out of lungs (transition phase) pressure is 0 mm Hg 

Question 40

Pulmonary ventilation adjusts to meet ________

Answer 40

Metabolic demand! 

Question 41

Total amount of air that flows into or out of the respiratory system in one minute. How is it calculated?

Answer 41

Minute ventilation Ve = Vt (title volume ml) x RR (breaths per minute) 

Question 42

The conducting zone of the airway takes up volume. At the end of an expiration the conducting zone is full of old air. We call this volume the……. On subsequent inspiration, this will be the first gas that enters the alveoli

Answer 42

Anatomical dead space volume (Vds) 

Question 43

The amount of fresh air that reaches the alveoli each minute… Equation?

Answer 43

Alveolar ventilation Va = (Vt x RR) - (Vds x RR)

Question 44

What is average V(ds)? 

Answer 44

150 ml

Question 45

Any change in your overall metabolism must be met with an appropriate change in ….

Answer 45

Alveolar ventilation, Va