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A&P RESPIRATORY SYSTEM > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of Respiratory system

A

Interchange of gases between atmosphere and the cells of the body

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2
Q

what does the resp. System consist of?

A

RESPIRATION AND VENTILATION

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3
Q

What are the types of respiration?

A

EXTERNAL and INTERNAL

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4
Q

What are the types of VENTILATION?

A

Inspiration and Expiration

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5
Q

FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

A 
>GAS EXCHANGE
>ACID BASE BALANCE
>RESPIRATORY HEAT LOSS
>PULMONARY METABOLISM (Conversion of substances that pass through the pulmonary blood vessels)
>FACILITATES VENOUS RETURN TO HEART
>SOUND PRODUCTION
>SITE OF OLFACTORY SENSATION
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6
Q

ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

A

NOSE-PHARYNX-LARYNX-TRACHEA-BRONCHI-BRONXHIOLES-ALVEOLI

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7
Q

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

PARTS OF NOSE & FUNCTION

A

EXTERNAL NOSE-NASAL CAVITY

PASSAGE OF AIR-FILTRATION & CLEANS AIR-HUMIDIFICATION-SMELL-ACT AS RESONATING CHAMBERS (SPEECH)

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8
Q

PHARYNX & ANATOMY

A

Common opening for both digestive and respiratory system

NASOPHARYNX-OROPHARYNX-LARYNGOPHARYNX

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9
Q

LARYNX & FUNCTIONS

A

Air passage way between pharynx and the trachea
Epiglottis prevents food/liquid from entering the Larynx and into the ESOPHAGUS
Vocal cords are situated there=primary source of sound production

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10
Q

TRACHEA ANATOMY & FUNCTIONS

A

Flexible tube extending from Larynx to primary Bronchi
Air transportation to and from the lungs
MUCOSA= produced by ciliated epithelium with mucus-producing GOBLET CELLS

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11
Q

LUNGS &PROPERTIES

A

COMPLIANCE & ELASTICITY

COMPL=Distensibility and Expansibility of lungs +thoracic wall
>THORACIC COMPLIANCE= decreased by factors that produce resistance to distention
ELAST= Tendency for lungs to return for initial size after distention

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12
Q

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

ZONES/FUNCTIONS

A

CONDUCTING ZONE= Bronchi-Bronchioles-Terminal Bronchioles
RESPIRATORY ZONE= Resp.Bronchioles-Alveolar ducts- Alveolar Sacs
(gas exchange site)

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13
Q

ALVEOLI+RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE/FUNCTIONS

A

> Functional units of the lungs
ALVEOLAR TYPE I CELLS=form most cell.wall+squamous epithelium
ALVEOLAR TYPE II CELLS= secrete surfactant
ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES=phagocytes (take care of pathogens+ foreign material)

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14
Q

SURFACTANT FUNCTION

A

Reduces surface tension within the Alveoli
>IMPORTANT AT BIRTH= prevents lung collapse
>Causes RDS in premature babies

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15
Q

MECHANICS OF RESPIRATION

A

1) Rest
2) INSPIRATION
3) EXPIRATION

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16
Q

OXYGENATION=GAS EXCHANGE

Parts and functions

A

BREATHING-> PONS (Largest part of brainstem-connects cerebrum to cerebellum)

MEDULLA OBLANGATA (Lower part of brainstem, AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS such as contraction and relaxation of diaphragm- measure of Blood pH {low+High CO2-High+ Low CO2)

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17
Q

What is in control of CHEMICAL CONTROL OF RESPIRATION?

A

1) CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS=(Medulla oblongata =sensitive to change in C02+ H)
2) PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS=(Carotid + Aortic bodies detect changes to 02-stimulated by low 02)

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18
Q

REGULATION OF BREATHING

Study These Flashcards
A

> Receptors in Medulla Oblongata detect changes in Co2+ H
Aortic Arch(Receptors) stimulated by Low 02 and sends signal to breathe more to stabilise levels)
Higher centres in Cortex can exert conscious control over respiration

19
Q

GAS EXCHANGE (pressure)

Study These Flashcards
A

From areas of High pressure to areas of low pressure

20
Q

BLOOD SUPPLY

Study These Flashcards
A

> LUNGS– ARTERY=DEOXYGENATED VEIN= OXYGENATED

>BODY– ARTERY= OXYGENATED VEIN= DEOXYGENATED

21
Q

DIFFUSION OF GASES

Study These Flashcards
A

FROM HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION

22
Q

OXYGEN TRANSPORT

Study These Flashcards
A

Dissolved in Plasma=1.5%

Combined with Haemoglobin= 98.5%

23
Q

TRANSPORT OF CO2

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A

Dissolved In Plasma 10%
Carbominohaemoglobin =20%
Bicarbonate Ions=70% (HCO3-)

CO2 is transported when recombined

24
Q

FORMULA OF CO2 TRANSPORTATION

Study These Flashcards
A

CO2+H20=H2CO3=H+HCO3-

25
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Conversion of fuel into energy + nutrients within the Mitochondria + Cytosol of cells
26
TYPES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
AEROBIC=with o2 with product of co2, water and ATP | ANAEROBIC= WITHOUT O2-usueful for higher energy demands- product lactic acid
27
PLACENTAL RESPIRATORY GAS EXCHANGE
Network of capillaries exchange O2 and Co2 with maternal blood that carries gases to and from mother's lungs
28
FETAL CIRCULATION
ARTERIES=DEOXYGENATED BLOOD | VEINS= OXYGENATED
29
WHAT HAPPENS AT BIRTH?
^ CO2 in foetal blood stimulates breathing control centres to initiate breathing
30
ACID-BASE BALANCE
H+ CONCENTRATION AFFECTS ACIDITY OF BLOOD
31
EXPLAIN ACIDOSIS AND ALKALOSIS
ACIDOSIS=^NUMBER OF H+ | ALKALOSIS= LOW NUMBER OF H+
32
HOMEOSTASIS (ACID -BASE BALANCE)
pH is highly controlled <6.8 or >8 = death
33
WHAT ARE ACIDS?
Substances that can donate H+ | E.G lactic acid or carbonic acid
34
WHAT ARE BASES?
Substances that can be proton (H+) acceptors | E.G BICARBONATE
35
WHAT IS A BUFFER?
Substance that resists a change in pH
36
WHAT IS A BUFFER CAPACITY?
Ability to resist a change in pH
37
REGULATION OF BLOOD PH | 3 MAIN SYSTEMS THAT REGULATE H+ CONCENTRATION
>BUFFER SYSTEM >RESPIRATORY SYSTEM >RENAL MECHANISM
38
HOW DOES BUFFER SYSTEM WORK?
1ST line of defence against pH changes Rapid response Tissue fluid + cells= immediately combine with acid or base to prevent excessive changes in pH Doesn't destroy or create H+ but keep them tied up until balance is restored
39
TYPES OF BUFFER SYSTEM
>Bicarbonate buffer system (extracellular fluid) >Phosphate buffer system (Intracellular fluid) >Protein Buffer (Both)
40
DESCRIBE BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM
>Most important >Constitutes of Sodium bicarbonate and Carbonic acid >Carbonic acid dissociates into H+ and Bicarbonate Ions >H+ generated by metabolism or ingestion react with Bicarbonate base to form more Carbonic acid >Normal levels= Bicarbonate : Carbonic acid (20:1) >CONCENTRATION OF BLOOD= regulated by kidneys (bicarbonate) and Respiratory system (carbonic acid)
41
DESCRIBE PROTEIN BUFFER
Haemoglobin(protein) buffer in RBC | >Helps transport metabolically produced CO2 from cells to lunges for excretion
42
HOW DOES RESPIRATORY MECHANISM WORK?
>2nd line of defence >Regulates concentration of carbonic acid by the lungs > Respiratory centre removal and retention of CO2 and then Carbonic acid from extracellular fluid by the lungs. >Maintain one component of BICARBONATE BUFFER > ^CO2 + h+ = Respiratory centre stimulation= ^RR --> only effective for 1-2 mins
43
HOW DOES RENAL SYSTEM WORK?
>AIM to provide PERMANENT SOLUTION to acid-base disturbances | >ACHIEVED= Excretion of H+, Reabsorption of Bicarbonate, excretion of titratable acid and ammonium Ions.
44
DISORDERS OF ACID BASE BALANCE
ACIDOSIS AND ALKALOSIS

A&P RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (3 decks)

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