Respiratory System Flashcards
(46 cards)
What is the purpose of the Nasal Conchae?
warms/makes air moist to not damage the lungs as cold dry air is damaging to the lungs
How are the non-respiratory parts (bronchioles) supplied with blood?
Via the bronchiole artery arising from the aorta
How are the Respiratory parts supplied with blood?
Via the pulmonary artery
What nerve supplies the lungs
Vagus nerve CN10
How many lobes are on each lung and why?
Right = 3
Left = 2 because there heart is in the way meaning the left lobe is smaller and more compressed
3 Purposes of Bronchiole Tree
- lined with ciliated columnar epithelial’s which moisten/protect from pathogens
- be a pathway to the respiratory zone for air
- Cartilage towards the top to maintain airway opening (no Cartlidge at the bottom)
What is Dead Space?
vol of air filling conducting zone (30% of tidal volume)
What does the Conducting Zone Include?
All areas of the nose down to the bronchus
What does the Respiratory Zone Include? What’s it for?
All areas from the distal airways down to the alveoli. The place where gas exchange occurs between the alveoli and the capillaries
4 Different Control centres for Blood Pressure
Pons, Medulla, hypothalamus, Cerebrum
Control Centre: Pons
Pontine respiratory group (PRG) including pnuemtaxic and Apneustic
What does the pnuemtaxic and Apneustic parts of the brain control in breathing?
Pnuemotaxic = rate/pattern of breathing Apneustic = intensity of breathing
What are the parts of the medulla?
Dorsal Respiratory group (DRG) and Ventral Respiratory group (VRG)
What are the DRG and VRG responsible for?
DRG = inspiration
VRG = expiration
Why are signals send to the hypothalamus and Cerebrum parts of the brain?
Hypothalamus - sent here due to emotional change e.g. anxiety, fear, pain
Cerebrum - Part of the brain for Voluntary breathing e.g. swimming
What does the Central Chemoreceptor monitor/do. Where is it found?
monitors CO2, pH lvl’s and communicates with control centre via glossopharyngeal nerve CN9. Found in the brain stem.
What does Peripheral Chemoreceptors monitor/do? Where is it found?
monitors O2, CO2 and pH, communicates with control centre via Vagus nerve CN10. Found in aorta/______?
Mechanoreceptors (nose, lungs, GI tract) What do they do?
monitors pressure, registers when lungs are full/empty
Negative Feedback system of Blood Pressure in terms of CO2 conc
- Increase in CO2 conc detected by central chemoreceptors
- Changes to O2, CO2 and pH in blood detected by peripheral chemoreceptors
- The signals from the receptors are sent to the respective parts of the control centre which then send motor neurone impulses to the effectors to increase breathing rate, depth, intensity to remove CO2
- Opposite happens if CO2 conc is too low
What does Hyperventilation cause?
hypocapnia (very low CO2 lvl’s) as well as high blood pH. The lvl of O2 in the blood increases to 100% to due extra breathing
Hyperventilation during Panick Attacks
-Sometimes patients can pass out (but breathing will return to normal and will regain consciousness)
-Ca2+ and K+ deficiency (hypocalcaemia + hypokalaemia) caused by hypocapnia are responsible for the paraesthesia (pins and needles) in fingers
Deliberate and Therapeutic Hyperventilation
Deliberate Hyperventilation - technique used by many people/professions e.g., athletes/free divers
Therapeutic Hyperventilation is used in treatment of traumatic brain injury as it lowers ICP (intra-cranial-pressure)
C1-C3
Accessory Muscles
C3, C4, C5
Diaphragm - “C3 C4, C5 keep the diaphragm alive”
