Respiratory System Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
What is the study of blood?
A
Hemotology
2
Q
Hematology is the study of?
A
Blood
3
Q
What are the principle factors of blood?
A
- Transport
- Protection
- Regulation
4
Q
What do you use to measure how much of someone’s blood is made up of red blood cells?
A
Hematocrit
5
Q
What is a leukocyte?
A
White blood cell
6
Q
What is an erythrocyte?
A
Red blood cell
7
Q
What percent of your blood is plasma?
A
55%
8
Q
What percent of your blood is erythrocytes?
A
44%
9
Q
What percent of your blood is the buffy coat?
A
1%
10
Q
What is the buffy coat made of?
A
- Leukocytes (red blood cells)
- Platelets
11
Q
How much blood do adult humans have within the circulatory system?
A
4-6 liters
12
Q
What is the homeostatic set point range for blood pH?
A
7.35 - 7.45
13
Q
Why is pH range so tightly regulated for blood?
A
To prevent cooking thyself (denaturing your proteins)
14
Q
What do erythrocytes lack?
A
- Nuclei
- Other major organelles
15
Q
What is Hemoglobin?
A
A very large oxygen transport protein
16
Q
What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?
A
Approximately 120 days
17
Q
Hemoglobin protein has ____ embedded iron atoms capable of carrying _____ oxygen apiece.
A
Four; one
18
Q
Erythropoiesis is the formation of what?
A
New red blood cells
19
Q
What is Erythropoiesis?
A
The formation of new red blood cells
20
Q
What is the formation of new red blood cells called?
A
Erythropoiesis
21
Q
What is needed to create new red blood cells?
A
- Hemoglobin raw materials
- Vitamins (B12)
- Erythropoietin (hormone)
21
Q
What is needed to create new red blood cells?
A
- Hemoglobin raw materials
- Vitamins (B12)
- Erythropoietin (hormone)
22
Q
How is Heme broken down?
A
Heme —-> Bile —-> Pooped
23
Q
How is globin broken down?
A
Globin —-> Recycles
24
How is iron broken down?
Iron ----> Loss of blood (menstruation or injury) or stored
25
What does plasma contain?
1. Ground substance (water)
2. Proteins (albumin, globulins, etc.)
26
What do leukocytes lack?
Hemoglobin
27
What do leukocytes have?
Nuclei
28
What do granulocytes contain?
Many granules
29
What do agranulocytes contain?
No granules
30
What are the types of granulocyte cells?
1. neutrophil
2. eosinophil
3. basophil
31
What is the function of a neutrophil?
Bacterial Infection
32
What is the function of an eosinophil?
Parasitic infection (asthma, eczema)
33
What is the function of a basophil?
Histamine reactions
34
What granulocyte is responsible for bacterial infection?
Neutrophil
35
What granulocyte is responsible for parasitic infections?
Eosinophil
36
What granulocyte is responsible for histamine reactions?
Basophil
37
What are the types of agranulocytes?
1. Lymphocyte
2. Monocyte
38
What is the function of a lymphocyte?
1. Viral infections
2. General reactivity
39
What is the function of a monocyte?
Phagocytes (calls that eat debris)
40
What agranulocyte is responsible for viral infections and general reactivity?
Lymphocyte
41
What agranulocyte is responsible for phagocytes (cells that eat debris)?
Monocytes
42
What is hemostasis?
A sequences of responses to stop blood loss from a damaged blood vessel
43
What is the sequences of responses to stop blood loss from a damaged blood vessel?
Hemostasis
44
What are the parts of hemostasis?
1. Vascular spasm
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Blood clotting (coagulation)
45
What is vascular spasm?
smooth muscle spasm to partially close vessel
46
What is platelet plug formation?
creating a temporary cork for a vessel
47
What is blood clotting (coagulation)?
Making a permanent anti-bleeding structure until the vessel can heal
48
How does vascular spasm work?
Occur when the smooth muscle in the wall of the damaged vessel contracts
49
How does platelet plug formation work?
1. Platelets stick to damaged tissue
2. Platelets release chemicals that activate other platelets
3. Newly activated platelets aggregate forming the plug
50
Clots are created by a cascade of reactions involving _____ and clotting factors that activate one another in a ______________ pathway.
Calcium; positive feedback
51
The final product of blood clotting is primarily composed of a protein called?
Fibrin
52
What factor is missing in Hemophilia A?
Factor VIII
53
What factor is missing in Hemophilia B?
Factor IX
54
What factor is missing in Hemophilia C?
Factor XI
55
What does extrinsic mean?
Damage
56
What does intrinsic mean?
Message from platelets
57
What is #1
Factor XII
58
What is #2
Factor XI
59
What is #3
Factor IX
60
What is #4
Factor VIII
61
What is #5
Factor X (thrombokinase)
62
What is #6
prothrombin (acrivator)
63
What is #7
Thrombin
64
What is #8
Fibrin
65
What is #9
Factor V
66
What is #10
Fibrinogen
67
What does hemophilia mean?
Cannot clot
68
What is the enzymatic breakdown of fibrin?
Fibrinolysis
69
Substances that are given that suppress or prevent clotting are called?
Anticoagulants
70
What is an example of an anticoagulant?
Warfarin
71
What are the alternatives to warfarin that rely on factor X?
1. Eliquis
2. Xarelto
72
What is the general term for undue clotting?
Thrombosis
73
Thrombi can result from?
Atherosclerosis
74
What is an embolus?
When a thrombus becomes dislodged from a vessel wall and is suspended in the blood
75
When a thrombus becomes dislodged from a vessel wall and is suspended in the blood it is called?
An embolus
76
What are the common blood typing systems?
1. ABO typing
2. Rh factor grouping
77
What is ABO typing?
Antigens on red blood cells and antibodies in plasma
78
What is Rh factor grouping?
Plasma
(+)= have it
(-)= don't have it
79
Fill out the chart
80
The letter in your blood type refers to the antigen you ____
Have
81
If you have the antigen you _______ have the antibody
Do not
82
Why is it called the Rh factor?
Was discovered by rhesus monkeys
83
What happens when a patients gets the wrong blood type?
Causes agglutination (clumping) and hemolysis (rupture)
84
What is the universal donor blood type?
O
85
What is the universal recipient blood type?
AB
86
What is the first part of the respiratory system?
Nasal cavity
87
Describe the location and function of a megakaryocyte
Produces platelets; located in bone marrow
88
Describe the location and function of plasma
Aqueous substance composed of proteins and water; located in the blood
89
Describe the location and function of platelets
fragments involved in blood clotting; located in the Buffy coat of the blood
90
Describe the location and function of leukocytes
White blood cells with immune functions; located in Buffy coat of the blood
91
Describe the location and function of Erythrocytes
Red blood cells, oxygen transport cells, no nucleus or major organelles, made entirely of hemoglobin, life span of 120 days, located in the blood
92
Name what makes red blood cells red in color and describe the function
Heme groups contain iron atoms capable of carrying oxygen; 4 heme groups per 1 hemoglobin protein; one hemoglobin can carry 4 oxygens
93
Describe the make up of plasma
Water and proteins
94
Describe the make up of Buffy coat
White blood cells and platelets
95
Describe the make up of formed elements
Red blood cells
96
Define hematocrit
Percent of blood volume that is red blood cells
97
What is the pH of blood?
7.35 - 7.45
98
Why is the pH of blood so tightly regulated
If it is out of the normal range it would cause proteins to denature and no longer function
99
What type of infection do neutrophils respond to?
Bacteria
100
What type of infections do eosinophils respond to?
Parasitic
101
What type of infections do lymphocytes respond to?
Viruses
102
Define phagocytosis and name the immune cell with this function
Phagocytosis are pack man cells that engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and dead/dying cells
103
What is the tissue type blood belongs to?
Connective tissue
104
Name the process in which new red blood cells are formed
Erythropoiesis
105
Describe the 3 elements required for the process of forming new red blood cells
1. Hemoglobin materials (ions, amino acids, and heme)
2. Vitamins for cell diffusion (folate and B12)
3. Erythropoietin
106
Describe the function of erythropoietin
A hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis
107
Describe the 3 methods in which homeostasis of the blood vessel is restored after damage
1. Vascular spasm
2. Platelet Plug
3. Blood clotting
108
Describe what structure of blood determines ABO blood typing
ABO blood typing is determined by the antigens on the bed blood cell
109
What type of antigens does type A blood have?
A antigen
110
What type of antigens does type B blood have
B antigen
111
What type of antigens does type AB blood have?
A antigen and B antigen
112
What type of antigens does type O blood have?
none
113
What type of antibodies does type A blood have?
Anti-B antibodies
114
What type of antibodies does type B blood have?
Anti-A antibodies
115
What type of antibodies does type AB blood have?
None
116
What type of antibodies does type O blood have?
Anti-A antibodies and Anti-B antibodies
117
Describe Rh factors in regard to red blood cells
Rh factor is the absence or presence of of the Rh antigen on the RBC. Rh positives means the antigen is present and Rh negative means the antigen is absent
118
What blood can be accepted by type A blood?
A and O
119
What blood can be accepted by type B blood
B and O
120
What blood can be accepted by type AB blood?
A and B and AB and O
121
What blood can be accepted by type O blood?
O
122
Describe the functions of conducting zones
Remove debris/pathogens, add water, and warm incoming air
123
What are the conducting zones of the respiratory tract?
Nasal cavity, Trachea, Primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi
124
Name the structures of the upper respiratory system
Nose, oral cavity, pharynx, nasal concha, paranasal sinuses
125
Name the structures of the lower respiratory system
Trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, right and left lungs
126
Describe the location of the epiglottis
located just superior to the larynx in the laryngopharynx
127
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Folds down to prevent food, liquids and other items from entering the trachea
128
Describe the function of the esophagus
located posterior to the trachea, takes food from mouth to stomach
129
Describe the function of the trachea
located anterior to the trachea, takes air to lungs
130
Name the type of epithelium that lines the nasal cavity and trachea
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
131
Name and describe the structures that keep the trachea open, allowing air to pass thru
the trachea is held open by hyaline cartilage arranged in C-shape rings down the length of the trachea
132
Describe the location of the carina
ridge at the location where right and left primary bronchi split
133
Describe the function of the carina
Lots of innervation allows for us to sense if/when we are choking
134
Describe the trachealis muscle
smooth muscle on the posterior aspect of the trachea, functions in the coughing reflex
135
Name the pleura that covers each lung
Visceral Pleura
136
Name the pleura that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity
Parietal pleura
137
Describe the function of pleura layers
Provide suction to assist the expansion of the lungs during inhalation and produce serous fluid to prevent friction when lungs move
138
Describe the right lung
Upper, middle, and lower lobes
139
Describe the left lung
Upper, and lower lobes
140
Why is the left lung smaller
to accommodate for the heart
141
Describe the function of type 1 alveolar cells
made of simple squamous epithelium and allow for diffusion of gasses
142
Describe the function of type 2 alveolar cells
secrete surfactant to prevent collapse of the alveolar
143
Describe the function of alveolar macrophages
paceman cells that degrade incoming pathogens/debris to prevent infection
144
Describe the alveolar sac
2 or more alveoli that share a common opening to an alveolar duct; each sac is covered in elastic connective tissue that allows for quiet expiration
145
List the structures that are active during labored breathing/respiratory distress
Diaphragm
External Intercostals
Pectoralis Minor
146
Describe surface tension of alveolar fluid
exchange of gasses at the alveolus
147
Describe compliance of lung tissue
effort required to stretch/expand lungs
148
describe airway resistance
friction acting on air
149
What are the principles of ventilation
Surface tension of alveolar fluid
compliance of lung tissue
airway resistance
150
When the lungs expand easily is compliance high or low
High
151
When the lungs are difficult to expand is compliance high or low
Low
152
Describe the function of surfactant
secreted by type 2 alveolar cells and decreases the surface tension in alveoli allowing for gas exchange to occur
153
Describe henrys law
oxygen & carbon dioxide are soluble in water & dissolved in the blood; nitrogen is insoluble &
therefore very little is dissolved in the blood
154
Describe daltons law
Differences in partial pressures (concentration gradient of pressures) govern movement of
oxygen & carbon dioxide between the atmosphere, lungs & blood
155
Describe ficks law
how behavior & disease influence amount of oxygen that is diffused into blood
156
Describe the relationship between pressure and volume as outlined in Boyles law
Pressure & Volume are inversely related (when pressure increases, volume decreases & vice versa)
157
Describe the pressure inside & outside the lungs during Inhalation
pressure in the lungs much less than atmospheric pressure
158
Describe the pressure inside & outside the lungs during Expiration
pressure in the lungs greater than atmospheric pressure
159
Describe tidal volume
Volume of air moved in and out in a normal breath
160
Describe residual volume
volume of air within the airways that is never completely exhaled
161
Describe expiratory reserve volume
volume of additional air that can be forced out of the lungs
162
Describe inspiratory capacity
Total volume of air you can deeply breath in (Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve
Volume)
163
Describe total lung capacity
Total volume of air the lungs can possibly hold (Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve
Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume)
164
Describe how the concentration of hydrogen ions, CO2 levels & respiratory rate are related
If the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood increases, both CO2 levels & breathing rate will increase in
order to return blood pH to homeostatic range.
165
Describe how a change in CO2 level in the blood will impact the pH of the blood
CO2 in blood increases= pH decreases (more acidic) because concentration of hydrogen ions increases.
CO2 in blood decreases = pH increases (more basic) because concentration of hydrogen ions decreases
166
Name the vessels that enter pulmonary capillaries
Pulmonary arteries
167
Name the vessel that leave the pulmonary capillaries
Pulmonary veins
168
Describe the oxygenation status of pulmonary arteries & veins; relate this to the relationship between
PO2 & PCO2
Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood; therefore, PCO2 > PO2.
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood; therefore PO2 > PCO2
169
Describe the Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO2) & Carbon Dioxide (PCO2) in the Pulmonary Arteries,
Alveolus & Pulmonary Veins
PO2: Alveolus = Pulmonary Veins > Pulmonary Arteries
PCO2: Pulmonary Artery > Alveolus = Pulmonary Veins
170
Describe the concentration gradients of PO2 & PCO2 in the tissues & systemic capillaries
PO2 greater in the systemic capillaries than tissues (allows for oxygen to move from the capillaries & into the
tissues)
PCO2 greater in the tissues than systemic capillaries (allow for CO2 to move from the tissues & into the
systemic capillaries)
171
Describe the function of carbonic anhydrase
enzyme that converts carbon dioxide & water into carbonic acid, protons & bicarbonate
ions.
172
Describe the three ways in which carbon dioxide is transported through the blood
Dissolved in plasma: smallest amount of CO2 here & represents the portion of CO2 that cant diffuse into
alveolar air & expired out of the body
Bound to Hemoglobin: CO2 binds to amino acids in Hgb to form carbaminohemoglobin
Bicarbonate Ions: largest amount of CO2 present as bicarbonate ions; produced by reaction catalyzed by
carbonic anhydrase
