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Anatomy 110 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of blood?

A

Hemotology

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2
Q

Hematology is the study of?

A

Blood

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3
Q

What are the principle factors of blood?

A
  1. Transport
  2. Protection
  3. Regulation
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4
Q

What do you use to measure how much of someone’s blood is made up of red blood cells?

A

Hematocrit

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5
Q

What is a leukocyte?

A

White blood cell

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6
Q

What is an erythrocyte?

A

Red blood cell

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7
Q

What percent of your blood is plasma?

A

55%

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8
Q

What percent of your blood is erythrocytes?

A

44%

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9
Q

What percent of your blood is the buffy coat?

A

1%

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10
Q

What is the buffy coat made of?

A
  1. Leukocytes (red blood cells)
  2. Platelets
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11
Q

How much blood do adult humans have within the circulatory system?

A

4-6 liters

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12
Q

What is the homeostatic set point range for blood pH?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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13
Q

Why is pH range so tightly regulated for blood?

A

To prevent cooking thyself (denaturing your proteins)

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14
Q

What do erythrocytes lack?

A
  1. Nuclei
  2. Other major organelles
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15
Q

What is Hemoglobin?

A

A very large oxygen transport protein

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16
Q

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?

A

Approximately 120 days

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17
Q

Hemoglobin protein has ____ embedded iron atoms capable of carrying _____ oxygen apiece.

A

Four; one

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18
Q

Erythropoiesis is the formation of what?

A

New red blood cells

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19
Q

What is Erythropoiesis?

A

The formation of new red blood cells

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20
Q

What is the formation of new red blood cells called?

A

Erythropoiesis

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21
Q

What is needed to create new red blood cells?

A
  1. Hemoglobin raw materials
  2. Vitamins (B12)
  3. Erythropoietin (hormone)
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21
Q

What is needed to create new red blood cells?

A
  1. Hemoglobin raw materials
  2. Vitamins (B12)
  3. Erythropoietin (hormone)
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22
Q

How is Heme broken down?

A

Heme —-> Bile —-> Pooped

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23
Q

How is globin broken down?

A

Globin —-> Recycles

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24
Q

How is iron broken down?

A

Iron —-> Loss of blood (menstruation or injury) or stored

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25
Q

What does plasma contain?

A
  1. Ground substance (water)
  2. Proteins (albumin, globulins, etc.)
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26
Q

What do leukocytes lack?

A

Hemoglobin

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27
Q

What do leukocytes have?

A

Nuclei

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28
Q

What do granulocytes contain?

A

Many granules

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29
Q

What do agranulocytes contain?

A

No granules

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30
Q

What are the types of granulocyte cells?

A
  1. neutrophil
  2. eosinophil
  3. basophil
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31
Q

What is the function of a neutrophil?

A

Bacterial Infection

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32
Q

What is the function of an eosinophil?

A

Parasitic infection (asthma, eczema)

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33
Q

What is the function of a basophil?

A

Histamine reactions

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34
Q

What granulocyte is responsible for bacterial infection?

A

Neutrophil

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35
Q

What granulocyte is responsible for parasitic infections?

A

Eosinophil

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36
Q

What granulocyte is responsible for histamine reactions?

A

Basophil

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37
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes?

A
  1. Lymphocyte
  2. Monocyte
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38
Q

What is the function of a lymphocyte?

A
  1. Viral infections
  2. General reactivity
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39
Q

What is the function of a monocyte?

A

Phagocytes (calls that eat debris)

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40
Q

What agranulocyte is responsible for viral infections and general reactivity?

A

Lymphocyte

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41
Q

What agranulocyte is responsible for phagocytes (cells that eat debris)?

A

Monocytes

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42
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

A sequences of responses to stop blood loss from a damaged blood vessel

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43
Q

What is the sequences of responses to stop blood loss from a damaged blood vessel?

A

Hemostasis

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44
Q

What are the parts of hemostasis?

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Blood clotting (coagulation)
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45
Q

What is vascular spasm?

A

smooth muscle spasm to partially close vessel

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46
Q

What is platelet plug formation?

A

creating a temporary cork for a vessel

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47
Q

What is blood clotting (coagulation)?

A

Making a permanent anti-bleeding structure until the vessel can heal

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48
Q

How does vascular spasm work?

A

Occur when the smooth muscle in the wall of the damaged vessel contracts

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49
Q

How does platelet plug formation work?

A
  1. Platelets stick to damaged tissue
  2. Platelets release chemicals that activate other platelets
  3. Newly activated platelets aggregate forming the plug
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50
Q

Clots are created by a cascade of reactions involving _____ and clotting factors that activate one another in a ______________ pathway.

A

Calcium; positive feedback

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51
Q

The final product of blood clotting is primarily composed of a protein called?

A

Fibrin

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52
Q

What factor is missing in Hemophilia A?

A

Factor VIII

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53
Q

What factor is missing in Hemophilia B?

A

Factor IX

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54
Q

What factor is missing in Hemophilia C?

A

Factor XI

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55
Q

What does extrinsic mean?

A

Damage

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56
Q

What does intrinsic mean?

A

Message from platelets

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57
Q

What is #1

A

Factor XII

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58
Q

What is #2

A

Factor XI

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59
Q

What is #3

A

Factor IX

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60
Q

What is #4

A

Factor VIII

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61
Q

What is #5

A

Factor X (thrombokinase)

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62
Q

What is #6

A

prothrombin (acrivator)

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63
Q

What is #7

A

Thrombin

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64
Q

What is #8

A

Fibrin

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65
Q

What is #9

A

Factor V

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66
Q

What is #10

A

Fibrinogen

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67
Q

What does hemophilia mean?

A

Cannot clot

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68
Q

What is the enzymatic breakdown of fibrin?

A

Fibrinolysis

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69
Q

Substances that are given that suppress or prevent clotting are called?

A

Anticoagulants

70
Q

What is an example of an anticoagulant?

A

Warfarin

71
Q

What are the alternatives to warfarin that rely on factor X?

A
  1. Eliquis
  2. Xarelto
72
Q

What is the general term for undue clotting?

A

Thrombosis

73
Q

Thrombi can result from?

A

Atherosclerosis

74
Q

What is an embolus?

A

When a thrombus becomes dislodged from a vessel wall and is suspended in the blood

75
Q

When a thrombus becomes dislodged from a vessel wall and is suspended in the blood it is called?

A

An embolus

76
Q

What are the common blood typing systems?

A
  1. ABO typing
  2. Rh factor grouping
77
Q

What is ABO typing?

A

Antigens on red blood cells and antibodies in plasma

78
Q

What is Rh factor grouping?

A

Plasma
(+)= have it
(-)= don’t have it

79
Q

Fill out the chart

A
80
Q

The letter in your blood type refers to the antigen you ____

A

Have

81
Q

If you have the antigen you _______ have the antibody

A

Do not

82
Q

Why is it called the Rh factor?

A

Was discovered by rhesus monkeys

83
Q

What happens when a patients gets the wrong blood type?

A

Causes agglutination (clumping) and hemolysis (rupture)

84
Q

What is the universal donor blood type?

A

O

85
Q

What is the universal recipient blood type?

A

AB

86
Q

What is the first part of the respiratory system?

A

Nasal cavity

87
Q

Describe the location and function of a megakaryocyte

A

Produces platelets; located in bone marrow

88
Q

Describe the location and function of plasma

A

Aqueous substance composed of proteins and water; located in the blood

89
Q

Describe the location and function of platelets

A

fragments involved in blood clotting; located in the Buffy coat of the blood

90
Q

Describe the location and function of leukocytes

A

White blood cells with immune functions; located in Buffy coat of the blood

91
Q

Describe the location and function of Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells, oxygen transport cells, no nucleus or major organelles, made entirely of hemoglobin, life span of 120 days, located in the blood

92
Q

Name what makes red blood cells red in color and describe the function

A

Heme groups contain iron atoms capable of carrying oxygen; 4 heme groups per 1 hemoglobin protein; one hemoglobin can carry 4 oxygens

93
Q

Describe the make up of plasma

A

Water and proteins

94
Q

Describe the make up of Buffy coat

A

White blood cells and platelets

95
Q

Describe the make up of formed elements

A

Red blood cells

96
Q

Define hematocrit

A

Percent of blood volume that is red blood cells

97
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45

98
Q

Why is the pH of blood so tightly regulated

A

If it is out of the normal range it would cause proteins to denature and no longer function

99
Q

What type of infection do neutrophils respond to?

A

Bacteria

100
Q

What type of infections do eosinophils respond to?

A

Parasitic

101
Q

What type of infections do lymphocytes respond to?

A

Viruses

102
Q

Define phagocytosis and name the immune cell with this function

A

Phagocytosis are pack man cells that engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and dead/dying cells

103
Q

What is the tissue type blood belongs to?

A

Connective tissue

104
Q

Name the process in which new red blood cells are formed

A

Erythropoiesis

105
Q

Describe the 3 elements required for the process of forming new red blood cells

A
  1. Hemoglobin materials (ions, amino acids, and heme)
  2. Vitamins for cell diffusion (folate and B12)
  3. Erythropoietin
106
Q

Describe the function of erythropoietin

A

A hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis

107
Q

Describe the 3 methods in which homeostasis of the blood vessel is restored after damage

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Platelet Plug
  3. Blood clotting
108
Q

Describe what structure of blood determines ABO blood typing

A

ABO blood typing is determined by the antigens on the bed blood cell

109
Q

What type of antigens does type A blood have?

A

A antigen

110
Q

What type of antigens does type B blood have

A

B antigen

111
Q

What type of antigens does type AB blood have?

A

A antigen and B antigen

112
Q

What type of antigens does type O blood have?

A

none

113
Q

What type of antibodies does type A blood have?

A

Anti-B antibodies

114
Q

What type of antibodies does type B blood have?

A

Anti-A antibodies

115
Q

What type of antibodies does type AB blood have?

A

None

116
Q

What type of antibodies does type O blood have?

A

Anti-A antibodies and Anti-B antibodies

117
Q

Describe Rh factors in regard to red blood cells

A

Rh factor is the absence or presence of of the Rh antigen on the RBC. Rh positives means the antigen is present and Rh negative means the antigen is absent

118
Q

What blood can be accepted by type A blood?

A

A and O

119
Q

What blood can be accepted by type B blood

A

B and O

120
Q

What blood can be accepted by type AB blood?

A

A and B and AB and O

121
Q

What blood can be accepted by type O blood?

A

O

122
Q

Describe the functions of conducting zones

A

Remove debris/pathogens, add water, and warm incoming air

123
Q

What are the conducting zones of the respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity, Trachea, Primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi

124
Q

Name the structures of the upper respiratory system

A

Nose, oral cavity, pharynx, nasal concha, paranasal sinuses

125
Q

Name the structures of the lower respiratory system

A

Trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, right and left lungs

126
Q

Describe the location of the epiglottis

A

located just superior to the larynx in the laryngopharynx

127
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Folds down to prevent food, liquids and other items from entering the trachea

128
Q

Describe the function of the esophagus

A

located posterior to the trachea, takes food from mouth to stomach

129
Q

Describe the function of the trachea

A

located anterior to the trachea, takes air to lungs

130
Q

Name the type of epithelium that lines the nasal cavity and trachea

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

131
Q

Name and describe the structures that keep the trachea open, allowing air to pass thru

A

the trachea is held open by hyaline cartilage arranged in C-shape rings down the length of the trachea

132
Q

Describe the location of the carina

A

ridge at the location where right and left primary bronchi split

133
Q

Describe the function of the carina

A

Lots of innervation allows for us to sense if/when we are choking

134
Q

Describe the trachealis muscle

A

smooth muscle on the posterior aspect of the trachea, functions in the coughing reflex

135
Q

Name the pleura that covers each lung

A

Visceral Pleura

136
Q

Name the pleura that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity

A

Parietal pleura

137
Q

Describe the function of pleura layers

A

Provide suction to assist the expansion of the lungs during inhalation and produce serous fluid to prevent friction when lungs move

138
Q

Describe the right lung

A

Upper, middle, and lower lobes

139
Q

Describe the left lung

A

Upper, and lower lobes

140
Q

Why is the left lung smaller

A

to accommodate for the heart

141
Q

Describe the function of type 1 alveolar cells

A

made of simple squamous epithelium and allow for diffusion of gasses

142
Q

Describe the function of type 2 alveolar cells

A

secrete surfactant to prevent collapse of the alveolar

143
Q

Describe the function of alveolar macrophages

A

paceman cells that degrade incoming pathogens/debris to prevent infection

144
Q

Describe the alveolar sac

A

2 or more alveoli that share a common opening to an alveolar duct; each sac is covered in elastic connective tissue that allows for quiet expiration

145
Q

List the structures that are active during labored breathing/respiratory distress

A

Diaphragm
External Intercostals
Pectoralis Minor

146
Q

Describe surface tension of alveolar fluid

A

exchange of gasses at the alveolus

147
Q

Describe compliance of lung tissue

A

effort required to stretch/expand lungs

148
Q

describe airway resistance

A

friction acting on air

149
Q

What are the principles of ventilation

A

Surface tension of alveolar fluid
compliance of lung tissue
airway resistance

150
Q

When the lungs expand easily is compliance high or low

A

High

151
Q

When the lungs are difficult to expand is compliance high or low

A

Low

152
Q

Describe the function of surfactant

A

secreted by type 2 alveolar cells and decreases the surface tension in alveoli allowing for gas exchange to occur

153
Q

Describe henrys law

A

oxygen & carbon dioxide are soluble in water & dissolved in the blood; nitrogen is insoluble &
therefore very little is dissolved in the blood

154
Q

Describe daltons law

A

Differences in partial pressures (concentration gradient of pressures) govern movement of
oxygen & carbon dioxide between the atmosphere, lungs & blood

155
Q

Describe ficks law

A

how behavior & disease influence amount of oxygen that is diffused into blood

156
Q

Describe the relationship between pressure and volume as outlined in Boyles law

A

Pressure & Volume are inversely related (when pressure increases, volume decreases & vice versa)

157
Q

Describe the pressure inside & outside the lungs during Inhalation

A

pressure in the lungs much less than atmospheric pressure

158
Q

Describe the pressure inside & outside the lungs during Expiration

A

pressure in the lungs greater than atmospheric pressure

159
Q

Describe tidal volume

A

Volume of air moved in and out in a normal breath

160
Q

Describe residual volume

A

volume of air within the airways that is never completely exhaled

161
Q

Describe expiratory reserve volume

A

volume of additional air that can be forced out of the lungs

162
Q

Describe inspiratory capacity

A

Total volume of air you can deeply breath in (Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve
Volume)

163
Q

Describe total lung capacity

A

Total volume of air the lungs can possibly hold (Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve
Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume)

164
Q

Describe how the concentration of hydrogen ions, CO2 levels & respiratory rate are related

A

If the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood increases, both CO2 levels & breathing rate will increase in
order to return blood pH to homeostatic range.

165
Q

Describe how a change in CO2 level in the blood will impact the pH of the blood

A

CO2 in blood increases= pH decreases (more acidic) because concentration of hydrogen ions increases.
CO2 in blood decreases = pH increases (more basic) because concentration of hydrogen ions decreases

166
Q

Name the vessels that enter pulmonary capillaries

A

Pulmonary arteries

167
Q

Name the vessel that leave the pulmonary capillaries

A

Pulmonary veins

168
Q

Describe the oxygenation status of pulmonary arteries & veins; relate this to the relationship between
PO2 & PCO2

A

Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood; therefore, PCO2 > PO2.
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood; therefore PO2 > PCO2

169
Q

Describe the Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO2) & Carbon Dioxide (PCO2) in the Pulmonary Arteries,
Alveolus & Pulmonary Veins

A

PO2: Alveolus = Pulmonary Veins > Pulmonary Arteries
PCO2: Pulmonary Artery > Alveolus = Pulmonary Veins

170
Q

Describe the concentration gradients of PO2 & PCO2 in the tissues & systemic capillaries

A

PO2 greater in the systemic capillaries than tissues (allows for oxygen to move from the capillaries & into the
tissues)
PCO2 greater in the tissues than systemic capillaries (allow for CO2 to move from the tissues & into the
systemic capillaries)

171
Q

Describe the function of carbonic anhydrase

A

enzyme that converts carbon dioxide & water into carbonic acid, protons & bicarbonate
ions.

172
Q

Describe the three ways in which carbon dioxide is transported through the blood

A

Dissolved in plasma: smallest amount of CO2 here & represents the portion of CO2 that cant diffuse into
alveolar air & expired out of the body
Bound to Hemoglobin: CO2 binds to amino acids in Hgb to form carbaminohemoglobin
Bicarbonate Ions: largest amount of CO2 present as bicarbonate ions; produced by reaction catalyzed by
carbonic anhydrase

Anatomy 110 (3 decks)

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