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Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What structure separates the upper and lower respiratory system?

A

Vocal cords

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2
Q

Where is the root and apex of the nose?

A

Apex= Tip of your nose
Root= Where nose meets frontal bone

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3
Q

Name the structures that make up the nasal septum.

A

Lateral nasal cartilage, Greater alar cartilage, lesser alar cartilage, septal cartilage

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4
Q

What is the difference between bridge of the nose and the dorsum nasi?

A

Bridge is made up of nasal bones
Dorsum nasi is apex to root

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5
Q

Another name for nostril?

A

External Nares

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6
Q

Where/what are choanea?

A

Openings to nasopharynx, at posterior edge of hard palate and vomer

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7
Q

What are the nasal concha bones?

A

Superior, middle, inferior

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8
Q

What cranial nerve goes through the cribiform plate?

A

CN1/Olfactory

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9
Q

What is the significance of Limen nasi?

A

Transition of epithelium types.
(Along midline increases blood supply and has Kiesselbach’s plexus)

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10
Q

What is the reason epistaxis (bloody nose) flows so heavily?

A

Kiesselbach’s plexus

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11
Q

Significance of agger (meaning rough) nasi

A

Marks the site of ethmoid air cells/sinus

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12
Q

On the roof of the nasal cavity, what is the groove leading to olfactory?

A

Olfactory sulcus

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13
Q

What nerves are the only ones exposed to external environment?

A

Olfactory N.
And they are able to regenerate

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14
Q

What is the largest Conchae/turbinate bone?

A

Inferior (sparate bone, Middle and superior are part of ethmoid)

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15
Q

Function of Turbinate bones

A

Filter particulates
Heat up air
Moisturize

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16
Q

Why does your nose run when you cry?

A

Inferior meatus: receives ostium of nasolacrimal duct

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17
Q

Name the structures found in the middle meatus

A

Ethmoid bulla, uncinate process, semilunar hiatus, ethmoid infundibulum and frontal recess.

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18
Q
A

Frontal nasal duct- ethmoid infundibulum

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19
Q

Blood supply of nose

A
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20
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary

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21
Q

Sensory and motor innervation of the paranasal sinus

A

S: pain CN 5
M: secretory CN 7

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22
Q

What is the function of the paranasal sinus?

A

Decrease the weight of skull
Change resonance of voice
Secret mucus
Cools the brain

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23
Q

Torus tubarius lines what structure and what is the clinical application of the torus tubarius?

A

Ostia of auditory tube
This is what you stimulate when massaging the soft palate to decrease nasal pressure.

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24
Q

What are hypertrophied pharyngeal tonsils? And what causes this?

A

Adenoids
Allergies and alcohol consumption

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25
Q

What is the name of the continuous cartilaginous ring in the trachea?

A

Cricoid

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26
Q

How many c shaped hyaline cartilaginous rings are there on the trachea?

A

15-20

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27
Q

At what level does the trachea bifurcate?

A

T4/5 or sternal angle

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28
Q

If a kid inhales a grape, which primary bronchi is it more likely to go down? and why?

A

R bronchi because it has a wider diameter and is more vertical.

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29
Q

Plura over the apex of the lung

A

Cupula

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30
Q

What structures do you find in the hilum of the lung?

A

root of lung:
-Sup pulmonary v.
-inf pulmonary v.
-pulmonary a.
-superior lobar bronchus
-intermediate bronchus
-bronchopulmonary lymph nodes

31
Q

What define the lobes of the lung?

A

Fissures (oblique and horizontal)

32
Q

Homologous to middle lobe on Left superior lobe.

A

Lingula

33
Q

What impressions are specific to the L lung, not found on the R.

A

Groove for Aorta
Groove for azygos is found on the R.

34
Q

Portion of the lung supplied with air from tertiary bronchus?

A

Bronchopulmonary segments

35
Q

Where do each levels of bronchi go?

A

Primary - lung
Secondary - lobe
Tertiary - bronchopulmonary segment

36
Q

How does the psoas effect inhalation?

A

Direct connection via the medial arcuate ligament.

37
Q

What major apertures and the associated spinal levels are in the diaphragm?

A

T8- IVC
T10- Esophagus
T12-Aorta

38
Q

What is the anatomical names for the adam’s apple?

A

laryngeal prominence

39
Q

What is phonation?

A

Production of sound

40
Q

Where is the larynx found?

A

ANT neck between C4&C6

41
Q

What anatomical structures makes speech?

A

Larynx + tongue + pharynx + Jaw + fascial muscles

42
Q

How many cartilages are found in the skeleton of the larynx?

A

3 Unpaired (x2)
3 minor
-9 separate cartilages total
4 major

43
Q

What are the 4 major cartilages of the larynx?

A

Thyroid
Cricoid
Arytenoid (x2) (with corniculate=minor)
Epiglottic/ Epiglottis

44
Q

What is the space below the epiglottis?

A

Aditus

45
Q

Where do you find the cuneiform cartilage?

A

Quadrangular membrane

46
Q

Conus elasticus think…

A

vocal production

47
Q

What is the “true vocal fold/cord” made from?

A

Vocal ligament (thickening of conus elasticus)
Tighter ligament= higher frequency
Looser ligament= lower

48
Q

What is the clinical importance of the piriform recess in the larynx?

A

Common place to get food stuck. Esp. little fish bones

49
Q

During anaphylaxis mucosal lining will swell and cause narrowing of what?

A

Aditus laryngis

50
Q

What does splashing cold water on ones face during anaphylaxis do?

A

mammalian dive reflex to decrease HR

51
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

Cricothyroid
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Transverse arytenoid/arytenoideus
Oblique arytenoid
thyroarytenoid
vocalis

52
Q

What is the only muscle that abducts the vocal cords?

A

Posterior Cricoarytenoid
Everything else adducts

53
Q

What muscle lowers pitch and which increases pitch?

A

Thyroarytenoid lowers
vocalis increases

54
Q

What never innervates all intrinsic muscles of the larynx.

A

Motor = Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch off of vagus nerve)
Exception: Cricothyroid = sup laryngeal nerve

Sensory also = recurrent laryngeal and sup laryngeal nerve

55
Q

What structures does the recurrent laryngeal nerve go under on the left and right?

A

R= BCT where it splits to CC and SC
L= arch of aorta and ligamentum arteriosum

56
Q

If someone’s voice sounds horse or shaky this might be a symptom of what?

A

Panroast tumor at apex of heart

57
Q

What are the arteries/veins of the larynx?

A

upper: Sup laryngeal br off Sup thyroid a&v
lower: Inf laryngeal br of Inf thryoid a&v

58
Q

Sup thyroid A. is a branch off of what?

A

External carotid

59
Q

Inf thyroid A. is a branch off of what?

A

Thyrocervical trunk off of subclavian A.

60
Q

What does the thyroid gland secret?

A

T3 T4 (metabolism, homeostasis)
Calcitonin (increase osteoblast activity to decrease Ca in blood and put it back to bones)

61
Q

What is the most important role of Ca in the body?

A

regulating secretion of NTM
muscle contrition coupling

62
Q

Vitamin D is now considered a hormone, what does it do?

A

Regulates Ca absorption

63
Q

Apex to base: where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Inf 1/3 of thyroid cartilages
5th/6th tracheal ring

64
Q

Where is the isthmus of the thyroid gland located?

A

2nd/3rd tracheal ring

65
Q

Where does the thyroid gland get its arterial supply?

A

Sup thyroid ( Br off ECA)
Inf thyroid (br off thyrocervical tunk)
Throidea ima

66
Q

What is the venous drangage of the Thryroid

A

Sup thyroid -IJV
Middle thyroid - IJV
Inf thyroid - BCV

67
Q

Where does the IJV terminate?
and what sits inside it?

A

Sigmoid sulcus
Sigmoid sinus

68
Q

Descent and development of thyroid gland

A

Through thyroglossal duct (later closes to form Foramen cecum) to final destination.
Foramen cecum divides ANT 2/3 POST 1/3 ** CN 7 and

69
Q

Excess T3/T4 secreted, weight loss, increased appetite, insomnia, tremor, loss of heat regulation=

A

Hyperthyroidism

70
Q

Weight gain, tiredness, heavy menstrual bleeding, hair loss, cold intolerance=

A

Hypothyroidism

71
Q

Decreased Iodine or under active thyroid gland will enlarge or shrink thyroid gland?

A

Enlarge

72
Q

Swelling/Goiter conditions

A

Iodine deficiency
Hashimotos thyroiditis
Graves disease
Euthyroid

73
Q

Common conditions of the parathyroid gland
And what is a common symptom?

A

Hypoparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism

74
Q

What does PTH do

A

Increase serum Ca levels / increase osteoclast activity

GA (2 decks)

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