respiratory system

Question 1

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 1

movement of air in and out of lungs

Question 2

external respiration

Answer 2

exchange of O2 and CO2 in lungs and blood

Question 3

internal respiration

Answer 3

exchange of O2 and CO2 in systemic blood vessels and tissue

Question 4

functions of nose & nasal cavity

Answer 4

• filters and cleans air
• provides an airway for respiration
• moistens and warms entering air
• serves ad resonating chamber for speech
• houses olfactory receptors

Question 5

three regions of the pharynx

Answer 5

1. nasopharynx
2. oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx

Question 6

epiglottis

Answer 6

elastic cartilage, open for breathing

Question 7

glottis

Answer 7

opening between vocal folds

Question 8

thyroid & cricoid cartilage

Answer 8

shield, can affect the level of tension affecting the vocal cords

Question 9

arytenoid cartilage

Answer 9

production of vocal sound

Question 10

vocal folds

Answer 10

folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from lungs

Question 11

how do vocal cords differ in men and women

Answer 11

the opening is wider for men than in women making the sound deeper

Question 12

describe the trachea & bronchial tree

Answer 12

trachea - windpipe extends from larynx into mediastinum, where it divides into two main bronchi
bronchial tree - air passages undergo 23 orders of branching

Question 13

how is the right lung different from the left

Answer 13

three lobes on the right and two on the left

Question 14

what type of tissue is alveoli composed of

Answer 14

simple squamous epithelium

Question 15

what are its functions

Answer 15

allows gas exchange across membrane by simple diffusion

Question 16

why is surfactant important ?

Answer 16

keeps the alveoli inflated that is essential.

Question 17

what causes respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 17

insufficient quantity of surfactant in premature infants
- fetal lungs do not produce adequate amounts of surfactant until last two months of development

Question 18

describe respiratory membrane

Answer 18

blood- air barrier that consists of alveolar and capillary walls along with their fused basement membranes, very thin

Question 19

which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs? oxygenated lungs?

Answer 19

pulmonary arteries - deoxygenated
pulmonary veins - oxygenated

Question 20

what is atmospheric pressure?

Answer 20

760 mm hg

Question 21

intrapulmonary pressure

Answer 21

pressure in alveoli
- fluctuates with breathing

Question 22

intrapleural pressure

Answer 22

pressure in pleural cavity
- always a negative number

Question 23

intrapleural pressure during inspiration

Answer 23

cavity pressure becomes more negative

Question 24

intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration

Answer 24

lungs are stretched then pressure drops by 1 mm Hg, air flows into lungs, down its pressure gradient

Question 25

intrapleural pressure in expiration

Answer 25

returns to inital value as chest wall recoils

Question 26

intrapulmonary pressure

Answer 26

pressure increases during expiration

Question 27

atelectasis

Answer 27

lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles, causes collapse of aveoli

Question 28

pneumothorax

Answer 28

air in pleural cavity

Question 29

tidal volume

Answer 29

amount of air moved into and out of lung with each breath

Question 30

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 30

amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume

Question 31

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 31

amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs

Question 32

residual volume

Answer 32

amount of air that remains in lungs

Question 33

vital capacity

Answer 33

tv + irv + erv

Question 34

total lung capacity

Answer 34

sum of all lung volumes

Question 35

partial pressure

Answer 35

pressure exerted by each gas in mixture directly proportional to its percentage in mixture

Question 36

what happens to the partial pressure in high altitude

Answer 36

partial pressure declines

Question 37

external respiration

Answer 37

involves the exchange of O2 and CO2 across respiratory membranes - partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities - ventilation perfusion coupling alveolar O2 high = arterioles dilate alveolar O2 low = arterioles constrict alveolar CO2 high = bronchioles dilate alveolar CO2 low = bronchioles constrict

Question 38

internal respiration

Answer 38

involves gas exchange in body tissues - partial pressures and diffusion gradients are reversed -tissue po2 is always lower so oxygen moves from blood to tissues - tissue pco2 is always higher than arterial blood so co2 moves from tissue to blood

Question 39

how is oxygen transported to the blood?

Answer 39

each hemoglobin can transport 4 oxygen molecules

Question 40

hemoglobin

Answer 40

found in a red blood cell - carries oxygen

Question 41

which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs??

Answer 41

CO2 is bound to the globin part of hemoglobin

Question 42

hypoxia

Answer 42

inadequate O2 delivery to tissue

Question 43

what does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve tell us

Answer 43

temperature blood pH DPG Pco2

Question 44

how is carbon dioxide transported into the blood

Answer 44

CO2 binds to the globin part of the hemoglobin reffered to carbaminohemoglobin

Question 45

bicarbonic ions

Answer 45

combining CO2 with water to form carbonic acid, which quickly dissociated into bicarbinate and H-

Question 46

respiratory centers in the medulla & pons

Answer 46

ventral respiratory group - its inspiratory neurons excite inspiratory muscles via phrenic and intercostal nerves dorsal respiratory group - integrates input from peripheral stretch and chemoreceptors

Question 47

aortic & carotid bodies

Answer 47

peripheral chemoreceptors sense arterial O2 levels

Question 48

hypothalamic controls

Answer 48

act through limbic system to modify rate and depth of respiration

Question 49

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Answer 49

irreversible decrease in ability to force air out of lungs

Question 50

chronic bronchitis

Answer 50

mucosae of lower respiratory passageways become inflamed and fibrosed

Question 51

asthma

Answer 51

active inflammation of airways precedes bronchospasms

Question 52

tuberculosis

Answer 52

infectious disease cause by bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis that leads to tubercules in the lung diseases

Question 53

cystic fibrosis

Answer 53

abnormal, viscous mucus clogs passageways, which can lead to bacterial infections

Question 54

hyperventilation

Answer 54

increased depth and rate of breathing that exceeds bodys need to remove CO2