respiratory system Flashcards
how do we breathe
respiratory control centres medulla oblongata and pons in the brain
medulla oblongata
rhythmicity area
- ventral group
- dorsal group
active ->(2 seconds)-> diaphragm and external intercostals actively contract -> normal inspiration
inactive -> (3 seconds) -> diaphragm and external intercostals relax followed by elastic recoil of chest wall and lungs -> normal expiration
pons respiratory centre
influence and modify activity of the medullary centres
smooth out inspiration and expiration transitions
the pontine respiratory group continuously inhibit inspiration centre
pneumotaxic area
apneustic area
pneumotaxic area
superior portion of pons
teams with MRA ro set rhythm of breathing
inhibitory impulses
prevents lungs from becoming too full with air, limits duration of inspiration
active breathing is quicker
apneustic area
coordinate transition between inspiration and expiration
stimulates inspiratory area to prolong inspiration and slow rate of breathing
only occurs when pneumotaxic area is inactive
- overridden by pneumotaxic
active breathing is slower
conducting zone
movement of air to respiratory zone
humidifies, warms and filters air
components
- trachea
- bronchial tree
- terminal bronchioles
respiratory zone
exchange of gases
O2 to diffuse into lung capillaries exchange for CO2
components
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
measuring ventilation
minute ventilation (VE)
- amount per minute
tidal volume (VT)
- amount per breathe
breathing frequency (f)
- number of breaths
VE = VT X f
alveolar ventilation (VA)
- 70% of VT reaches respiratory zone
dead space ventilation
- 30% of VT conducting zone
measuring airway resistance
pressure between the mouth and the alveoli divided by airflow rate
R= P(ATM) - P(A) / V
P(ATM) = atmospheric pressure
P(A) = alveolar pressure
V = volumetric airflow
depends on diameter
chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)
- narrow -> increased resistance
COPD
chronic inflammation of the airways, structural changes and collapse of small airways
exhalation impaired, lung hyperinflation
altered diaphragm, reduced motion
DPT
diaphragm release technique
measure:
- diaphragm mobility
- respiratory pressures
- chest wall and abdominal kinematics
IMT and CSI
inspiratory muscle training
cervical spinal cord injury
respiration function impaired
IMT observed to :
- reduce dyspnea
- increase inspiratory muscle strength
measure:
- diaphragm thickness
- lung function
- respiratory muscle function
IMT improves:
- diaphragm thickness (22%)
- maximal inspiratory pressure (11%)
- Wpeak (16%)
- VO2 peak (22%)
main purpose of respiratory system
gas exchange
acid-base balance regulation
homeostatic regulation of body pH
vocalisation
protection from inhaled pathogens
respiratory system
primary function of respiratory system is to supply oxygen to tissues of the body and to remove co2 and regulate acid base balance
pulmonary respiration
process of ventilation
exchange o2 and co2 lungs
