respiratory system Flashcards
fun coin of the respiratory system
- pulmonary ventilation - inhalation , exhalation
- gas conditioning - where the air is warmed to body temp, humidified and cleaned
- gas exchange
produces sound - speech - protects respiratory surfaces
- site for olfactory sensation- smelling
how is the respiratory system organised
upper tract - nose, nasal cavity , paranasal sinuses, pharaynx
lower - larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles alveoli
what is the respiratory tract divided into
conducting zone - from nasal cavity to end of bronchioles
respiratory zone -from smaller bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
what is the conducting zone lined with
RESPIRATORY MUCOSA
this is made up of epithelium and alveolar tissue layer ( laminate propria)
it also has cilia which which is coated in mucus whihc is produced by the goblet cells- where the mucus will trap the practice and the cilia will sweep it up to be swallowed and killed int he stomach
what is the the alveoli. lined with
ALEVEOLAR EPITHELIUM
this contain type 1 and type 2 cells
- type 1 - simple squamous epithelium - these are one cell thick allowing diffusion to occur efficiently
- type 2 - septal cells - these produce SURFACTANTS - these replace the mucus in the alveoli
what are the defence mechanisms
- filtration in nasal cavity - to remove larger particles
- mucous cells and mucus glands to trap pathogens
- cilia - to sweep mucus and trapped debris towards pharynx to be swallowed and killed in stomach
- alveolar macrophage (dust cells) - engulf small particles which reach the lungs
what is boules law
the process of air movement depends on thinks law.
where air pressure and volume have a negative relationship (inverse relationship)
the volume depends on the volume of the diaphragm and ribs
- compliance shows how much the lungs are able to expand
what is the process of inhalation
- air in
- ribs move up and out
- lung volume increases
- pressure decreases
- diaghrpahm moves flattens and moves down
what is the process of expiration
- air flows out
- ribs move down and in ( resting position )
- lung volume decreases
- air pressure increases
- diaghragm relaxes
how is oxygen transported
through the blood where is it’s either bound to haemoglobin or dissolved in plasma (poorly soluble in water)
what affects the affinity of oxygen
- PO2 - this is the driving forces to binding o2 to HB
LOW PO2 = LOW HB/O2 COLLISION
HIGH PO2 = HIGH HB/O2 COLLISION
-pH - HIGH PH = INCREASED. oxygen affinity ( low co2 levels) eg in lungs
LOW PH = DCEREASED oxygen affinity ( high co2 levels) - eg in muscles
-temp - LOW TEMP = INCREASED oxygen affinity
HIGH TEMP = DCEREASED oxygen affinity - this is because it affects the bond between hb and o2
- 2,3- diphosphoglycerate - this is a by product of an chronic glycolysis in rbc whic they use to get the cells energy demands
this binds with haemoglobin
how is co2 transported
it is transported in 3 ways
- 7% dissolved in plasma
-70 % in carbonic acid (buffer)
-23% bound to haemoglobin as CARBOINOHAEMOGLOBIN.
what is the haldane effect
the more haemoglobin that is deoxygenate the more CO2 the blood can load
the ,overt of co2 is affected by the degree of how oxygenated the blood is
the fact is reversed by pulmonary circulation
what are some disorders from reduced air flow
asthma - active inflammation. of airways proceeds bronchospams
emphysema - chronic shortness of breath due to enlarged spaces in the lungs
bronchitis - inflammation of bronchial lining
what rea some infections you an get from the respiratory system
- pneumonia - fluid leaks into alveoli and swelling and constriction of bronchioles
- turberculosis - caused by myobacterium turberculosis
other diseases
lung cancer
congestive heart failure
cystic fibrosis
