Respiratory System

Question 1

What is tissue fluid?

Answer 1

Fluid that leaves arterial to bathe body cells

Question 2

What is tissue fluid composed of?

Answer 2

Water and dissolved substances

Question 3

What is blood?

Answer 3

Fluid that travels in blood vessels

Question 4

What is lymph?

Answer 4

Residual fluid which enters the lymphatic system

Question 5

What is lymph composed of?

Answer 5

Water, dissolved substances and fats from ileum

Question 6

Where is tissue fluid?

Answer 6

Between body cells

Question 7

Where is lymph?

Answer 7

Lymphatic vessel

Question 8

What forces water and DS out of the capillary?

Answer 8

High hydrostatic pressure

Question 9

How much tissue fluid is reabsorbed by the capillary?

Answer 9

80%

Question 10

How much tissue fluid enters the lymphatic system?

Answer 10

20%

Question 11

What is an example of residual fluid?

Answer 11

Fats from ileum

Question 12

What glands produce many lymphocytes?

Answer 12

Lympth glands

Question 13

Where does the lymph drain back into main circulation?

Answer 13

Vein in neck

Question 14

What is haemoglobin made up of?

Answer 14

4 protein chains
2 Alpha
2 Beta

Question 15

What does each protein have attached to it?

Answer 15

Non protein haem group

Question 16

What does each non haem group have attached to it?

Answer 16

Iron

Question 17

What is co-operative loading?

Answer 17

When one O2 binds to haem it causes haem to change shape which makes it easier for O2 to join to other 3

Question 18

How does haemoglobin associate with oxygen?

Answer 18

Reversibly

Question 19

What happens with haemglobin if alot of oxygen is present?

Answer 19

Associates with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin

Question 20

What happens if there is a short supply of oxygen?

Answer 20

Oxyhaemoglobin dissociates to release oxygen

Question 21

What is the equation for the reversible reaction?

Answer 21

Hb + 4O2 = HbO8

Question 22

What is percentage saturation of haemoglobin measured as?

Answer 22

Partial pressure of oxygen

Question 23

What is percentage saturation of haemoglobin?

Answer 23

The proportion of haem associated with oxygen

Question 24

What does % saturation of haem depend on?

Answer 24

The amount of O2 present or available

Question 25

What is the partial pressure of a gas measured in?

Answer 25

Kilopascals (kPa)

Question 26

What is it ment by partial pressure of air?

Answer 26

The part of total air pressure due to that particular gas eg O2

Question 27

What is there more present when partial pressure of air is high?

Answer 27

Gas

Question 28

What is part A of the oxygen dissociation curve?

Answer 28

Alveoli in lung

Question 29

What is ppO like in the alveoli?

Answer 29

High

Question 30

Why is ppO like this in the lungs?

Answer 30

Regular breathing

Question 31

What is the relationship between haem and O2 in the alveoli?

Answer 31

High affinity so readily associate

Question 32

How saturated is haem in alveoli?

Answer 32

98%

Question 33

What is part B in the oxygen dissociation curve?

Answer 33

Actively respiring tissues

Question 34

What is ppO like in part B?

Answer 34

Low

Question 35

Why is ppO like this in part B?

Answer 35

Aerobic respiration

Question 36

What happens as a result of ppO being low?

Answer 36

Oxyhaemogloin dissociates readily so O2 released into the tissues

Question 37

What is part C of the oxygen dissociation curve?

Answer 37

Very actively respiring tissues

Question 38

What is ppO like in part C?

Answer 38

Very low

Question 39

Why is ppO like this in part C?

Answer 39

Rapid aerobic respiration

Question 40

What happens to the affinity in part C?

Answer 40

It is much reduced

Question 41

What happens to the relationship between haem and O2 in part C?

Answer 41

More oxyghaemoglobin dissociates so more O2 into the tissues

Question 42

What is the main change that impacts the Bohr effect?

Answer 42

CO2

Question 43

What are the 5Rs in the Bohr effect?

Answer 43

Respiration - more CO2 Right Reduced - affinity for O2 Readily - dissociates Released

Question 44

What is the advantages of the Bohr effect?

Answer 44

Allows working muscles to maintain aerobic respiration for longer so more ATP produced

Question 45

What other factors can influence the bohr effect?

Answer 45

Increase in temperature - heat energy Decrease in blood pH - CO2 + H2O + RBC = carbonic acid

Question 46

As altitude increases what type of pressure is impacted?

Answer 46

Total atmospheric pressure

Question 47

What happens with regards to tissue, when ppO2 decreases?

Answer 47

Less O2 delivered

Question 48

What happens if there is less O2 getting to tissues?

Answer 48

Become tired, confused or nauseous

Question 49

What type of illness can you get at hgiher altitudes?

Answer 49

Altitude sickness

Question 50

What is it called when your body adapts to higher altitudes?

Answer 50

Acclimatisation

Question 51

What happens when your body adapts to higher altitudes?

Answer 51

More RBC More Haem

Question 52

What does having higher haemoglobin compensate for at high altitudes?

Answer 52

Lower % saturation

Question 53

What kind of people have adapted to higher altitudes?

Answer 53

Tibeton people

Question 54

How have tibeton people adapted?

Answer 54

Different type of haem which is fully saturated at lower ppO2

Question 55

Why type of training do athletes indure?

Answer 55

Altitude training

Question 56

Why do athletes go through this type of training?

Answer 56

To boost their RBC count

Question 57

What does increasing RBC do for athletes?

Answer 57

Increase amount of O2 to muscles so more respiration and more energy

Question 58

What way can blood oxygen saturation be measured?

Answer 58

Pulse oximeter

Question 59

2 positives of using a pulse oximeter?

Answer 59

Non invasive and quick to use

Question 60

What is a normal blood oxygen saturation level?

Answer 60

95 - 99%

Question 61

What does the pulse oximeter use to measure how much O2 in blood?

Answer 61

A light probe

Question 62

Symbols for blood oxygen saturation?

Answer 62

SaO2

Question 63

What is pulse oximetry?

Answer 63

How well O2 is being sent to parts further from heart eg legs and arms

Question 64

What does low SaO2 lead to?

Answer 64

Hypoxemia

Question 65

What does SaO2 level need to be for hypoxemia?

Answer 65

94% or less

Question 66

What does hypoxemia prevent?

Answer 66

ENoguh O2 being delivered to organs

Question 67

Symptoms of hypoxia?

Answer 67

Blue/Gray skin Tachychardia anxiety Restlessness Shortness of breath