Respiratory system Flashcards
(30 cards)
Dvisions of respiratory system
conduction, respiratory
Funtions and features of conducting division of respiratory system
Fxn: warm, moisten, filter air
features: mucous and serous glands, ciliary movement
Extrapulmonary: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, 1º bronchus
Intra pulmonary: bronchial tree
Function and parts of respiratory division of respiratory system
Fxn: gaseous exchange
Parts: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
regions of nasal cavity
vestibular, olfactory, respiratory
Vestibule of nasal cavity
Epithelium: stratified squamous (skin) with sebaceous glands and vibrissae (short firm hairs)
Lamina propria: Glands and vibrissae trap large particulate material in inspired air
Cartilate framework (hyaline cartilage with some elastic fibers)
Olfactory region of nasal cavity
neuroepithelium: pseudostratified columnar with 4 cell types:
olfactory-Bipolar neuron, dendrites form olfactory vesicles, axons at basal surface, long non-motile cilia
supporting cells-numerous; columnar with microvilli, abundant mitochondria, lipofuscian granules, and sER, adherent jxns with olfactory receptors, apical ovoid nucleus; support like neuroglia, secrete ordor binding protein,
brush cells-columnar with mircorvilli, synapses with CNV; probably has sensory function
basal cells-small and close to basal lamina; stem cell
Lamina propria: continuous with periostium of ethmoid bone, highly vascular, abundant nerve endings
Bowman’s (olfactory) Gland-seromucous
Bowman’s Gland
Olfactory gland
seromucous gland in olfactory mucosa; mostly serous with short ducts; helps to dissolve odoriferous substances; lipofucin granules in ducts and secretory units; helps clear away odoriferous substances
Respiratory regoin of nasal cavity
Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified columnar with cilia and globlet cells)
Lamina propria: highly vascularized: bloo vessels parallel to air flow to wairm air (become engorged and leaky in allergic reactions and viral infections–>distension of LP and trouble breathing); seromucous glands
Conchae (aka turbinae) increase surface area ∴ increase filtration and warming
Pharynx
between oropharynx and trachea
fxn: air conduction, phonation
Vestibular fold (false vocal fold): loose connective tissue with glands and lympoid aggregations (respiratory epithelium)
True vocal cords: vocalis muscle (skeletal); vocal ligament (elastic fibers); stratified squamous non-keritinized
Trachea
Derived from forgut
Layers resemble GIT: mucosa, submucosa, cartilaginous layer (replaces muscularis externa), adventitia
C-shaped cartilage rings (hyaline cartilage)
Trachea Mucosa
Respiratory epithelium:
Ciliated columnar cells: numerous and full thickness; aggregated basal bodies–> dark line at apical surface
Muucus cells: similar to goblet cells, interspaced among ciliated cells, full thickness, increased in chronic inflammation
Basal cells: reserve/stem cells
Small granule cells (Enteroendocrine): many small granules near basal cytoplasm–>local effect on nearby structures, peptide hormones
Brush Cells: columnar with blunt microvilli, probably sensory, synapses with afferent nerve at base
very thick basement membrane
Lamina Propria: Loose CT with lymphatic tussue, lots of elastic fibers arrainged longitudinally at mucosa/submucosa boudry
Tracheal submucosa
loose CT, very similar to LP, seromucous glands (mucous acini with serous demilunes, secrete glycoprotein; especially numerous in posterier aspect where there is no cartilage)
Tracheal cartilage and advantitia
16-20 C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, fibroelastic membrane containting trachealis muscle spans gap in cartilage
Advantitia: dense CT, large blood vessels and lymphatic tissue
1º Bronchi
histologically identical to trachea without trachealis muscle; Extra pulmonary bronchi
Respiratory epithelium:
Ciliated columnar cells: numerous and full thickness; aggregated basal bodies–> dark line at apical surface
Mucus cells: similar to goblet cells, interspaced among ciliated cells, full thickness, increased in chronic inflammation
Basal cells: reserve/stem cells
Small granule cells (Enteroendocrine): many small granules near basal cytoplasm–>local effect on nearby structures, peptide hormones
Brush Cells: columnar with blunt microvilli, probably sensory, synapses with afferent nerve at base
very thick basement membrane
Lamina Propria: Loose CT with lymphatic tussue, lots of elastic fibers arrainged longitudinally at mucosa/submucosa boudry
loose CT, very similar to LP, seromucous glands (mucous acini with serous demilunes, secrete glycoprotein; especially numerous in posterier aspect where there is no cartilage)
Intrapulmonary bronchi
respiratory epithelium with lower cell height; reduced basement
muscularis- spiral oriented smooth muscle regulates airway diameter (replaces elastic lamina; increase to provide support as there is less cartilage)
submucosa-loose CT with glands (larger bronchi)
cartilage-discontinuous cartilage plates, linear pattern (gets smaller as you get deeper and brochi get smaller)
Advantitia-continuous with lung tissue
Bronchioles
air donducting ducts that supply each pulmonary lobule, no glands
epithelium-simple columnar to simpule cuboidal, ciliated, goblet cells in larger bronchioles, clara cells, smooth muscles
terminal brochiole
circumferential smooth muscle, simple cuboidal epithelium, some cilia, clara cells, >.5 nm, sparse
Clara cells
replace goblet cells in bronchioles
cuboidal with domed shaped apical surface, well developed rER, also sER, golgi, and secretory granules
Secretes: surface active agent (liproprotein that prevents adhesion); Clara Cell Protein (CC16, diagnostic marker)
CC16
clara cell protein
diagnostic marker for chronic lung diseases like COPD and Asthma–>leaks across blood/gas barrier and elevated in serum; decreases in bronchoalveolar lavage
Respiratory Bronchiole
Transition airway–>respiration adn conduction
simple cuboidal ciliated epithelium with clara cells proximal to terminal bronchiole, mostly clara cells distally; walls interrupted by alveoli, small amount of smooth muscle
Alvolar ducts
from RB as alvolar out-pouchings increase–>numerous alveoli
“drumsticks” of smooth muslce–>bundles b/w alvolar out-pocketing (nteralvolar septum)
Alvolar sac
end of alvolar duct, several alveoli
Alveoli
thin walled polyhedral terminal sacs where gaseous exhange takes place; separated by interalveolar septum; continuous capillaries with lots of pinocytotic vesicles for gas exchange
Alveolar cells
Type 1-simple squamous, gas exchange, not capapble of mitosis, covered by surfactant, tight jxns Type 2 (septal cells)-cuboidal secretory cells mostly at septal junctions, regenrate both types of pneumocytes, secrete surfactant, rounded nucleus, lamellar (secretory, prallel membrane stacks, contain phospholipids, neutral lipids and proteins) bodies in apical cytoplasm, well developed sER. Alveolar macrophages-move freely b/w septum and surface, clean shit up, may be swept up bronchial tree, can be marker of heart failure or other things
