Respiratory System

Question 1

What are the functions of the respiratory system

Answer 1

Ventilation
Gaseous exchange (External and internal respiration)
Vocalization/Phonation
Olfaction
Immunity
Acid base balance

Question 2

What two tracts in the respiratory system

Answer 2

Upper Respiratory Tract (URT)
Lower Respiratory Tract (LRT)

Question 3

Explain what happens during Pulmonary Ventilation : Inhalation

Answer 3

Diaphragm Contracts
Intercostal Muscle Contract
Ribcage Elevates
Lung volume increases
Air pressure drops
Air drawn in via oral and nasal cavities

Question 4

Explain what happens during Pulmonary Ventilation : Inhalation

Answer 4

Muscles Relax
Passive recoil
Volume decreases
Pressure increases
Air expelled out

Question 5

Explain External Respiration

Answer 5

Gas exchange between lungs and blood capillaries
Oxygen bind haemoglobin in the red blood cells.
Oxygen bound to the haemoglobin is released supplying tissues with oxygen
Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction.

Question 6

Explain Internal Respiration

Answer 6

Also known as cellular respiration. Gas exchange between blood stream and body tissues. Oxygen bound to haemoglobin is released supplying tissues with oxygen . Carbon dioxide diffuses in opposite direction back to lungs to be exhaled.

Question 7

What is phonation

Answer 7

Phonation is vocal sounds created during exhalation as air passes through the larynx (Voice Box) . Muscles control the movement of arytenoid cartilages. Vocal cords move and sound is created as air passes and vibrates over it.

Question 8

What is the epiglottis

Answer 8

The epiglottis is found in the larynx and is there to protect from food or water going own the trachea into the lung

Question 9

What is olfaction

Answer 9

The action of smelling. Chemicals in air bind to olfactory fibres in nasal cavity. Nervous system receptor on the cilia are activated. Series of signals are then stimulated resulting in the sense of smell

Question 10

What is the trachea

Answer 10

The windpipe, transports air to and from lungs
10 - 12cm long
attached to larynx
Maintain open airway

Question 11

What are the components of LRT (lower respiratory tract)

Answer 11

Trachea
bronchi
lungs

Question 12

What is the Bronchi

Answer 12

The branch into lungs
Terminal Bronchi can constrict and relax to regulate airflow

Question 13

What are the lungs

Answer 13

The lungs transport air to alveoli for gas exchange

Question 14

Features of the Bronchiole

Answer 14

Thinner walls
No cartilage
Flexible
Able to constrict and relax

Question 15

What is the Alveoli

Answer 15

Alveoli is made to produce Surfactant to prevent walls from sticking together. This allows smooth constrictions and relaxations in movement. Deoxygenated blood into alveoli, oxygenated blood leaves.
Air filled chambers for gas exchange
Grape like structures

Question 16

Order or air entry in respiratory tract?

Answer 16

1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Larynx
4. Trachea

Question 17

What are the main actions of muscles involved in ventilation on inspiration?

Answer 17

Diaphragm contracts and intercostal muscles contract

Question 18

What are the main actions of muscles involved in ventilation on exhalation?

Answer 18

Diaphragm relaxes and intercostal muscles relax

Question 19

How many lobes on each lung

Answer 19

Left lung two lobes
Right lung one lobe

Question 20

Why is blood pumped around the body?

Answer 20

Delivers oxygen to the cells and removes carbon dioxide from those cells. White blood cells for immune system. Carries electrolytes. Blood is a transportation system.

Question 21

What is gas exchange

Answer 21

Gas exchange occurs between alveolar walls and pulmonary capillaries.
De oxygenated blood is carried by the pulmonary vein
Oxygenated blood is carried by the pulmonary vein

Question 22

What is passive diffusion

Answer 22

Passive diffusion happens when gas moves from high pressure to low pressure. Oxygen and carbon dioxide move into areas where there is less pressure.

Question 23

What happens when blood passes through the alveolar?

Answer 23

When blood passes through the alveolar, the oxygen moves into the blood from the lungs as there is less pressure in the blood. the CO2 in the blood will then move into the alveolar air as there is more CO2 in the blood so it will move to the lungs. Gas will move from high pressure to low pressure.

Question 24

What does the Aorta do?

Answer 24

Carry oxygenated blood throughout the whole body, diffusing oxygen into the tissues

Question 25

Explain how the blood goes back through the body after the aorta diffuses oxygen into the tissues.

Answer 25

The blood goes back to the heart in the superior and inferior vena cava vein. Then at the right side of the heart, into pulmonary arteries, then into the lungs.

Question 26

Difference between Anaerobic respiration and Aerobic Cellular respiration

Answer 26

Anaerobic : Oxygen is not present Aerobic : Oxygen is present

Question 27

Explain Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Answer 27

Glucose and Oxygen provide energy. Glucose is created by breaking down Carbs. Glucose turns into pyruvate. With some oxygen the pyruvate is oxygenated and it becomes Acetyl-Coa. The citric cycle then occurs which requires oxygen. Then it is moved to the inner mitochondrial membrane where the electron transport chain happens (Requiring oxygen). At the end we get adenosine triphosphate ATP (Energy)

Question 28

Explain Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

Answer 28

Oxygen is not used, i.e when there is no more CO2 in body like after exercise, the body will use anaerobic respiration. Glucose turns into lactic acid (+Little energy) Involves the incomplete breakdown of glucose. Waste product is lactic acid, rather than CO2 Results in cramps and fatigue Only 5% of the energy is released compared to aerobic respiration

Question 29

How do we get rid of C02

Answer 29

Water and CO2 are waste products of respiration CO2 Diffuses back into the bloodstream at tissue capillaries. This forms carbonic acid which is unstable and quickly changes to hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions which are stable and can then be carried by red blood cells

Question 30

What are chemoreceptors

Answer 30

Simply speaking, the chemoreceptors perform actions and send signals to the brain depending on the PH and oxygen levels

Question 31

What are the Dorsal Respiratory Group?

Answer 31

The basic rhythm of respiration is that of quiet, restful breathing known as eupnea. Quiet breathing only requires the activity of the dorsal group which activates the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles

Question 32

What is the Ventral Respiratory group

Answer 32

When the metabolic need for oxygen increases, inspiration becomes more forceful and the neurons in the ventral group are activated to bring about forceful exhalation.