Respiratory System

Question 1

What is external respiration?

Answer 1

exchange of gases between blood and lungs

Question 2

What is internal respiration?

Answer 2

exchange of gases between cells and blood

Question 3

What is in the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 3

nose, pharynx, larynx

Question 4

What is in the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 4

Trachea and lungs

Question 5

What is the conductive zone?

Answer 5

it includes all airways

Question 6

What is the respiratory zone?

Answer 6

alveoli, where gas exchange occurs

Question 7

What is the function of the nasal cavity?

Answer 7

Passageway for air
Warming
Filtering and cleaning (hair and mucus)
Humidification (air travelling through moist mucus)
Smell

Question 8

What is the function of the pharynx?

Answer 8

Passageway for air and food
Warming
Humidifying
Hearing (connection to the middle ear)
Protection (lymphatic tissue; tonsils)
Speech: acting as a resonating chamber for sound ascending from larynx
Facilitating swallowing via palate and uvula

Question 9

What happens to the uvula and soft palate when swallowing?

Answer 9

They are pushed upwards close to the nose

Question 10

What is the function of the larynx?

Answer 10

sound (pitch, volume, tone)
Speech
Protection of lower respiratory tract when swallowing
Passageway for air
Warming
Humidifying
Filtering

Question 11

What is the function of Trachea?

Answer 11

Air of passageway
Warming, humidifying and filtering
Mucociliary escalator: regular beating of the cilia membrane upwards towards larynx where it is swallowed or coughed u
Cough reflex

Question 12

What is the function of the lungs?

Answer 12

External respiration via diffusion

Question 13

What are the breathing muscles?

Answer 13

Intercostal muscles

Question 14

Describe the Intercostal muscles

Answer 14

11 pairs between 12 pairs of ribs. Arranged in 2 layers: internal and external. The first pair of ribs are fixed, when these muscles contract rib cage would move upwards allowing lungs to expand

Question 15

what are the changes in pregnancy?

Answer 15

Chest shape alters during pregnancy
The ribs flare out, prior to mechanical pressure exerted by the growing uterus. the diaphragm rises by approx 4cm. the diameter of the chest )anterior- posterior and transverse diameters) both increase by 2 cm, leading to overall increased chest circumference of 5-7 sm. These effects are due to progesterone and relaxing on the the ribcage and associated ligaments

Question 16

what happens to blood during pregnancy?

Answer 16

Expanded blood volume and vasodilation can produce oedema (swelling) and hyperaemia (Increase blood flow) in the upper respiratory tract. Pregnant women can often experience nasal congestion, epistaxis (nosebleeds) and sometimes even changes in voice

Question 17

What effect does progesterone have during pregnancy?

Answer 17

Progesterone is a respiratory stimulant; it increases the sensitivity of the peripheral and central chemoreceptors for carbon dioxide. Therefore respiratory drive is stimulated at lower carbon dioxide so pregnant women breathe more deeply.

Oxygen consumption increases but arterial oxygen pressure does not change.