respiratory system

Question 1

what makes up the upper respiratory system?

Answer 1

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx.

Question 2

what makes up the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 2

larynx, trachea, brachus, broncholes, respiratory bronchioes

Question 3

what type of epithelia is in the conducting region?

Answer 3

respiratory epithelium: ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium

Question 4

what type of epithelia is where air and food travel?

Answer 4

stratified squamous.

Question 5

what type of epithelia does the gas exchange system have?

Answer 5

simple squamous

Question 6

what type of epithelium does olfaction have?

Answer 6

olfactory mucus.

Question 7

what are the functions of the URT

Answer 7

preparing air to enter respiratory membrane by making it warm, clean & moist

Question 8

what are olfactions

Answer 8

sensory receptors for smell

Question 9

what are vissibrae

Answer 9

hairs that filter inhaled air trapping dust and debris.

Question 10

what is the function of conchae

Answer 10

projections that help swirl the air that is breathed in, particles stick to the mucosa. allows more time for warming and humidyfyign air and olfactory detection

Question 11

how is nasal epithelium different?

Answer 11

the nasal cavity contains mostly respiratory epithelium with a specialised area of olfactory epithelium that has olfactory receptors.

Question 12

what are paranasal sinuses and what is their function?

Answer 12

cavities surrounding the nose, they are lined with respiratory mucosa. they help to lighten the skull and have increased surface area to clean, warm and moisten the air. infected mucus can block drainage

Question 13

what happens at the nasopharynx region of the pharynx?

Answer 13

It is an air passage only, it has respiratory epithelium
the soft palate and uvula both the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity
the auditory tubes drain here from the middle of the ears, blocked sinuses= blocked ears
has pharyngeal tonsils on the posterior wall

Question 14

what occurs at the oropharynx region?

Answer 14

air and food can pass
stratified squamous epithelium= protection against abrasion.
posterior to oral cavity, soft palate to hyoid bone
has both palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils

Question 15

what occurs at the laryngopharynx region?

Answer 15

both air and food can pass
stratified squamous epithelium
hyoid bone to openingof esophagus

Question 16

what are tonsils

Answer 16

a type of lymph node that provide extra immune support

Question 17

what are 3 functions of the lower respiratory system?

Answer 17

conducts air to the site of gas exchange
completes cleaning, warming and humidifying of air
provides a barrier between air and blood, and a large surface area for gas exchange.

Question 18

what is the function of the epiglottis?

Answer 18

it closes over the airway when swallowing so food doesn’t go down airway.

Question 19

what are vestibular folds?

Answer 19

false vocal cords, they prevent entry of forgein object entry into the glottis.

Question 20

how does the trachea maintain a patient airway? and what type of epithelium is it lined with?

Answer 20

through C shaped cartilage rings
its ends are connected by a band of smooth muscle=trachealis (these contract for coughing)
lined with respiratory epithelium

Question 21

what is the structure and function of the mucociliary escalator?

Answer 21

removes debris from the pharynx to be swallowed and digested
mucus from goblet cells and mucous secreting glands coat the surface of the epithelium so the debris becomes trapped. The cilia then beat to move the mucus to the pharynx

Question 22

how many lobes does each lung have? And what is a hilium?

Answer 22

right lobes has 3
left side has 2 due to the heart being on that side
the area where bronchi and blood vessels enter the lungs

Question 23

describe the order of the bronchiole tree

Answer 23

trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, contiues branching until they reach the terminal bronchioes

Question 24

what type of cartilage and epithelium do the segments of the bronchial tree have?

Answer 24

trachea- respiratory epithelium, c shaped cartilage rings
primary bronchi- respiratory epithelium, cartilage and smooth muscle rings
secondary and tertiary bronchi- respiratory epithelium starts to decrease in height, goblet cells reduce and cartilage plates
bronchioles- cuboidal epithelium, no cartilage but thick smooth muscle for bronchioconstriction/dilation
terminal- lined with smooth muscle

Question 25

Why are alveolar walls so thin?

Answer 25

they have simple squamous epithelium to allow for easy gas exchange.

Question 26

what are the two types of pneumocytes

Answer 26

type I squamous- forms the respiratory membrane/ blood air barrier with capillary wall and shared basement membrane in the middle type II cuboidal- scattered amoungst type I, these secrete surfactant which reduced the surface tension of the alveolar fluid ensuring air sacs stay open.

Question 27

what is the difference between a endothelial and a epithelial cell?

Answer 27

endothelial is on the blood side epithelial is on the air side.

Question 28

what is a pleural cavity?

Answer 28

the lungs are seperate so they lie in different pleural cavities

Question 29

what is occuring when we breath in (volume etc)

Answer 29

volume of the thoraxic cavity increases so there is more space for the lungs to increase in volume. This results in pressure being lower inside the lungs so the air moves in.

Question 30

what occurs when we breath out

Answer 30

we decrease the volume, meaning there is less space for particles. this results in increased pressure inside the lungs so the air moves out.

Question 31

what type of joint is a sternocostal joint?

Answer 31

synovial (except the first one is cartilagenous)

Question 32

what type of joint is a costochondral joint?

Answer 32

a cartilagenous

Question 33

what type of joint is an interchondral joint?

Answer 33

synovial

Question 34

what are the primary muscles of respiration?

Answer 34

diaphragm and intercostal muscles accessory muscles which are only active when needed

Question 35

what is the different shapes of the diagphram for its different functions

Answer 35

when the diaphragm is relaxed it is dome shaped when it is contracted it flattens out ( expands the thoracic cavity and compresses abdominopelvic cavity.

Question 36

what are features of the intercostal muscles

Answer 36

they attatch diagonally between neighbouring ribs external intercostals- lift ribcage and expand cavity they are for inspiration quiet and forced. internal intercostals- depress the ribcage and decrease the cavity, they are for forced expiration only.

Question 37

what is the function of the accessory muscles?

Answer 37

some of them increase cavity volume for forced inspiration others decrease cavity volume for forced expiration

Question 38

how do lungs expand like the cavity does?

Answer 38

through the pleura. When they expand they pull on parietal which pulls on the visceral which pulls on the lungs which is how they expand and contract with the cavity.