Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

FoundSci Unit 7 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

(52 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system? x4

A

Air conduction (transport) to and from alveoli:
- ventilation - moving air in/out of lungs
- carry olfactory stimuli
-moving air past larynx to generate speech

Conditioning the air

Air Filtration

Mechanical respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system?

A

Extrapulmonary portions

Intrapulmonary portions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are not part of the respiratory tract or path of air?

A

CT stroma - divides lungs into lobes

Visceral and parietal pleurae - define and lubricate pleural caivty

Muscles of respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

Extrapulmonary

Intrapulmonary - secondary bronchi to terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the respiratory portion of the tract?

A

Structures associated with alveoli and where gas exchange with blood actually occurs

Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What structures are part of the conducting portion?

A

Trachea
Primary bronchi (1 per lung)
Secondary bronchi (1 per lobe)
Tertiary bronchi
Small bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What structures are part of the respiratory portion?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveolus

Either these structures are alveoli or they have alveoli budding off of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the general layers of tracts?

A

Mucosa - surface epithelium, lamina propria (loose CT with glands), muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)

Submucosa - more loose CT with glands

Muscularis externa - smooth muscle

Adventitia or serosa - covering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the layers of the respiratory tract?

A

Mucosa
- surface epithelium
-lamina propria - areolar or fibroelastic CT
-muscularis - smooth muscle

Submucosa - dense irregular fibroelastic CT

Adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the muscularis layer of the respiratory tract?

A

Regulates diameter of airways

Sometimes provides structural support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the adventitia of the respiratory tract?

A

Covering or anchoring

May contain cartilage that keeps large airways patent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the only layer of the olfactory region? What are its characteristics?

A

Olfactory mucosa - olfactory epithelium and lamina propria

This mucosa sits on periosteum of the cribiform plate in roof of nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the characteristics of the olfactory epithelium of the olfactory region?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar - no goblet cells

Olfactory receptor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the characteristics of the lamina propria of the olfactory mucosa?

A

Supporting CT - areolar CT

Vessels - arteries, lymph, and swell bodies (small venous plexuses)

Nerves - unmyelinated axons from olfactory receptor cells form bundles called CN I (Olfactory nerve)

Olfactory glands (Bowman’s glands) - serous glands whose secretions trap and dissolve odorants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the characteristics of the olfactory receptor cell, dendrite bulb and cilia?

A

Long nonmotile cilia lie flat on epithelia surface (facing cavity)

Olfactory receptors are cell membranes of cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the characteristics of the olfactory receptor cell?

A

bipolar neuron

Unmyelinated axons

Axons form bundles in the LP (CN I) and bundles pass through holes in ethmoid bone to reach olfactory bulb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the characteristics of the supporting cell (sustentacular cell) of the olfactory region?

A

Glial cells that support, nourish, and physically separate neurons

Secrete odorant binding proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the characteristics of the basal cell and brush cell of the olfactory region?

A

Basal cell - stem cell

Brush cell - columnar with microvilli, general sensory reception via CN V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain how viruses entering olfactory receptor cells can trigger apoptosis.

A

Olfactory receptor cells are exposed to circulating air in the nasa cavity

Their axons are on route to CNS that allows pathogens to bypass the blood brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the respiratory epithelium cells?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What cells are part of the respiratory epithelium? What do they do? x6

Study These Flashcards
A

Goblet cells - secrete mucus, which traps dust, particles, and pathogens

Ciliated columnar cells - cilia move mucus towards mouth

Basal cells - stem cells

Brush cells - general sensory receptors

Neuroendocrine cells (Kulchitsky cells, small granule cells) - secrete hormones like catecholamines, serotonin, calcitonin

Mast cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes (T lymph)

22
Q

What is numerous in fetal lungs but decreases after birth? Also it may proliferate during certain pulmonary diseases?

Study These Flashcards
A

Neuroendocrine cells (kulchitsky cells)

23
Q

Explain mucociliary clearance

Study These Flashcards
A

If mucus becomes too thick, cilia have much more difficult time clearing it or unable to do so

24
Q

What is the mucosa of the nasal cavity, sinuses, and nasopharynx?

Study These Flashcards
A

Nasal mucosa - respiratory epithelium and lamina propria

Lamina propria is well vascularized with many swell bodies - vessels and glands condition air by adding warmth and moisture

25
What ruptures during nose bleeds?
Swell bodies
26
What is the mucosa of the oral cavity, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx?
Mucosa is nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium and lamina propria Need thicker epithelium because food more abrasive than air
27
What is the epithelium of the larynx?
Respiratory epithelium Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium on true vocal cords Lamina propria - numerous mucous and seromucous glands (keeps air and mucosa moist) Lacks muscularis and submucosa Adventitia in most parts contains hyaline cartilage Adventitia of epiglottis contains elastic cartilage - allows it to return to original position after swallowing
28
What are the trends for epithelium in respiratory tract?
More cell types of larger airways Tall pseudostratified columnar in most of tract to simple squamous in alveoli
29
What are the trends of smooth muscle of muscularis of respiratory system?
Continuous sheets in larger bronchi and strips in smaller bronchi Continuous sheets again in largest bronchioles and small circumferential strips in terminal and respiratory bronchioles Absent in alveolar duct, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
30
What are the trends of elastic fibers (in LP and submucosa) in respiratory tract?
Fairly consistent throughout but especially in alveoli
31
What are the trends for cartilage in the respiratory tract?
Cartilage only in trachea and bronchi (adventitia) Changes shape from trachea to smallest bronchi Absent in bronchioles and alveoli
32
Describe the mucosa of the trachea and bronchi
Respiratory epithelium in trachea and all bronchi - BM thick in trachea, primary and secondary bronchi (harder for pathogens) Lamina propria often contains seromucous glands and BALT (bronchus associated lymphoid tissue) Muscularis - absent in trachea and primary bronchi, present in secondary and tertiary bronchi and in smaller bronchi
33
What is common in infant and if present in adults, usually associate with illness or smoking?
BALT bronchus associated lymphoid tissue
34
What is present in the submucosa and adventitia of the trachea and bronchi?
Submucosa contains submucosal glands Adventitia is in all bronchi and contains hyaline cartilage. Trachea and primary bronchi have C-rings of trachealis muscle that spans the ends of the C rings and contracts to bring the ends together. Secondary, tertiary, and smaller bronchi have irregular plates
35
What occurs to the bronchi when someone has asthma?
Bronchospasms constrict bronchi so trouble moving air in and move - short of breath and wheezing Irritate bronchial mucosa - increased mucus production, inflammation of mucosa, muscularis, and submucosa in intrapulmonary bronchi Edema and elevated WBCs in tissues Repeated attacks cause increased number of goblet cells (more mucus) and permanent thickening of walls, especially in small bronchi
36
Describe the epithelium of bronchioles
Bronchiolar epithelium Respiratory epithelium in largest bronchioles and simple cuboidal in respiratory bronchioles Most bronchioles lack goblet cells Have club cells Lamina propria has no glands and no BALT, lots of elastic fibers Muscularis thick in all bronchioles
37
What are club cells?
Present in bronchioles only and are stem cells and do secrete Secrete surface antigen agent - prevents lumina adhesion and bronchiolar walls from collapsing Secretes club cells secretory protein (CC16) - antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule
38
What is elevated when bronchioles are damaged?
Club cell secretory protein (CC16)
39
What is the epithelium of the terminal bronchioles?
Mucosa is a solid wall - no gaps in terminal bronchioles wall that open into lumens of surrounding alveoli Short simple columnar epithelium. LP lacks glands Muscularis in spiraling strips No submucosa Adventitia - fibroelastic CT
40
What are the terminal bronchioles?
Smallest and last airways in conducting division Solid walls that do not open into alveoli
41
What are the respiratory bronchioles?
First airways in respiratory division Walls have alveoli budding off them Air can flow between respiratory bronchioles directly into alveoli and vice versa Walls have cuboidal epithelium and smooth muscle
42
What are the walls of alveolar ducts?
Lack cuboidal epithelium, smooth muscle and have more gaps opening into alveoli Each duct terminates in an alveolar sac
43
What are the alveoli?
Thin walled chambers where gas exchange with continuous capillaries occurs Walls are alveolar epithelium 300-400 million alveoli in both lungs Alveolar pores (pores of Kohn) - allow collateral gas circulation between adjacent alveoli when passages are blocked
44
What do disease like emphysema do to alveoli?
Lower surface area by destroying alveolar walls, specifically destroy elastic fibers in walls and reduce ability to get air out of lungs Toxic particles in smoke recruit neutrophils which travel to alveolar surface and secrete elastases that destroy elastic fibers. Over time, the neutrophils destroy the walls
45
What part of the alveoli can serve as passageway for macrophages, exudates, and pathogens?
Alveolar pores (pores of Kohn)
46
Describe the alveolar epithelium
2 cells types: - Type I alveolar cells = type I pneumocyte - Type II alveolar cells = type II pneumocyte
47
What cells are not part of alveolar epithelium but are associated cells?
Alveolar macrophages - dust cells Patrol surface of alveolar lumen Patrol CT of alveolar septum
48
What is the function and structure of type I alveolar cells?
Simple squamous - gas exchange 95% of alveolar surface area Cannot divide Thin and delicate
49
What is the function and structure of type II alveolar cells?
Simple cuboidal with short microvilli Stem cells that can divide into type I or type II Secrete surfactant that reduces surface tensions and prevents moist alveolar walls from sticking to each other if alveolus collapses
50
What is neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)?
Premature babies have underdeveloped lungs and type II cells have not produces enough surfactant to prevent alveolar collapse or even lung collapse (atelectasis) Serial blood gasses show worsening hypoxemia and metabolic acidosis
51
What is the structure of the alveolar interstitium?
LP is pulmonary interstitium CT is mostly elastic fibers with no glands Elastic fibers allow alveoli to expand with inhalation and relax and return to shape during exhalation - passive way of getting air of out alveoli No smooth muscle in alveolar wall
52
What is the blood-gas barrier?
Physical barrier that includes everything gasses must cross - more than just the alveolar wall Permeable to oxygen, CO2, CO, and other gasses Site of gas transfer between alveolus and RBCs in capillary Prevents air bubbles from forming in blood - if gas embolisms form, they can block blood vessels Prevents blood from entering alveoli - bleeding adds more thickness to barrier

FoundSci Unit 7 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions