Respiratory System

Question 1

Roles of respiration

Answer 1

Oxygen into the body

Carbons dioxide out of the body

Question 2

Why is the respiratory system important

Answer 2

Respiration inside the muscles produces energy which is used for muscle contraction.

Respiration takes place inside the mitochondria

Question 3

Types of intercostal muscles

Answer 3

External intercostals: lift the ribs upwards during rest and exercise.

Internal intercostals: force the ribs downwards during exercise only.

Question 4

Pathway of air

Answer 4

Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Lungs
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Diaphragm

Question 5

Thoracic cavity

Answer 5

Where the lungs are contained in the area of the chest

Made of the ribs and sternum

Question 6

Mechanics of breathing at rest

Answer 6

Inspiration: taking in the oxygen- breathing in

Expiration: releasing co2- breathing out

Question 7

Inspiration

Answer 7

Need to decrease pressure inside our lungs.
By increasing the size of the space in our lungs

Question 8

Expiration

Answer 8

Need to increase the pressure inside the lungs

Make smaller to force it all out of yourself

Question 9

How the thoracic cavity is altered
(Diaphragm)

Answer 9

Contracts and flattens creating more space inside the thoracic cavity.

Relaxed and domes reducing the space inside the thoracic cavity.

Question 10

How the thoracic cavity is altered (external intercostals)

Answer 10

Contract to pull the ribs upwards and outwards. Increasing the size of the thoracic cavity.

When they relax the ribs move back down and inwards reducing the size of the thoracic cavity.

Question 11

Neural control of breathing

Answer 11

Medulla activates the DRG

Sends a nerve impulse to the phrenic nerve -diaphragm - intercostal nerve - external intercostals

The diaphragm then contracts land as a result we inspire.

Question 12

Chemical control breathing

Answer 12

Changes are detected by the chemoreceptors which send signals to the medulla which increases / decreases the rate of breathing

Question 13

Neural control of breathing (during exercise

Answer 13

Levels of gas change o2 down co2 up
Blood more acidic

Chemoreceptors detect change

Medulla increases the rate of breathing.

More breaths and oxygen is needed 45 breaths per min

Question 14

Alveoli and capillary

Answer 14

Blood inside the capillaries around the alveoli is high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen.

Alveoli are full of oxygen and have little carbon dioxide content.

Question 15

Gaseous exchange at the alveoli
(O2 exchange)

Answer 15

Alveoli high po2

In the capillaries around the alveoli there is low po2

Creates a diffusion gradient

O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries

Diffusion stops when the pressure is equal in both

Question 16

Gaseous exchange at the alveoli and capillaries
(Exchange of carbon dioxide)

Answer 16

Pco2 is high in the capillaries around the alveoli

The pco2 is low in the alveoli

This creates diffusion gradient

Co2 diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli

Diffusion stops when pressure is equal in both

Question 17

Muscle and the capillary

Answer 17

In the capillaries around the muscle Oxygen content is high / carbon dioxide content is low

In the muscle
Oxygen content is low / carbon dioxide content is high

Question 18

Gaseous exchange at the muscle
(O2 exchange at the muscle)

Answer 18

High po2 in the cappillaries around the muscle

Low partial po2 in the muscle

This creates a diffusion gradient

O2 diffuses from capillaries to muscles

Diffusion stops when pressure is equal in both

Question 19

Gaseous exchange at the muscle
(Carbon dioxide at the muscle)

Answer 19

Pco2 high in the muscle

Pco2 is low in capillaries around the muscles

Creates a diffusion gradient

Co2 diffuses from muscles to the capillaries

Diffusion stops when pressure is equal in both

Question 20

Respond of respiratory system
To a single exercise session.

Answer 20

Increased breathing rate (breaths per minute)

Increased tidal volume (air in and out per minute)

Increase in minute ventilation (increase in volume of air taken in per minute)

Question 21

How does the rate and depth of breathing change as a result of exercise?

Answer 21

Chemoreceptors detect a decrease in ph due to an increase in co2 in the blood

Send nerve impulses to the respiratory control centre in the medulla

DRG/VRG send nerve impulses to external/internal intercostal muscles

Internal intercostals lift the ribs higher for deeper breathes.

Question 22

Asthma attacks

Answer 22

Muscles around the walls of the airways tighten so that the airways become narrower

The lining of the airways becomes inflamed and starts to swell

Sticky mucus or phlegm sometimes builds up. Which can narrow the airways even more.

Question 23

Positive effects of exercise to asthma

Answer 23

Increases the strength of the respiratory muscles

Increases our vital capacity

This can reduce asthma symptoms

Question 24

Negative effects of exercise and asthma

Answer 24

Performers can struggle to get enough oxygen into their lungs

Exercise and cold air can induce an asthma attack

Question 25

How altitude training camp improves performance of an athlete from before to after it.

Answer 25

Arrive at high altitude - lower partial pressure Reduces the amount of energy they can produce makes them feel sick Performance decreases Following a period of training at high altitude the lungs get bigger because of increased alveoli Increased capillaries - more blood - more red blood cells and hemoglobin around the muscle - more mitochondria / more aerobic respiration - more energy Faster longer without fatigue

Question 28

During exercise what changes occur to the mechanic of breathing that makes us able to increase the depth of breathing

Answer 28

Active Expiration: internal intercostal and abdominal muscles actively contract to force air out more quickly Recruitment of Additional Muscles: sternocleidomastoid, scalene, and pectoralis minor assist in lifting the ribcage, further expanding lung capacity and increasing air intake.

Question 29

Definition of pulmonary ventilation and it’s resting value

Answer 29

The process of moving Sri in and out of the lungs allowing for gas exchange 6-8 liters per minute

Question 30

Define tidal volume and give its resting volume

Answer 30

the amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath during normal, resting breathing. 500 mL (0.5 L) per breath.

Question 31

3 adaptations that will improve aerobic sports performance following a period of training

Answer 31

Increased Lung Capacity and Vital Capacity Stronger Respiratory Muscles Increased Efficiency of Gas Exchange allow an athlete to sustain higher-intensity efforts for longer durations, making them more efficient in sports like long-distance running, cycling, and swimming.