respiratory system

Question 1

tidal volume

Answer 1

volume of air breathed in or out per minute
increases during exercise

Question 2

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 2

volume of air forcibly inhaled following normal breath at rest
decreases during exercise

Question 3

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 3

volume of air forcibly exhaled following a normal breath at rest
slightly decreases during exercise

Question 4

residual volume

Answer 4

volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
stays the same during exercise

Question 5

minute ventilation

Answer 5

volume of air breathed in or out per minute
increases during exercise

Question 6

respiration

Answer 6

the taking in of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide

Question 7

ventilation

Answer 7

getting air into and out of the lungs

Question 8

external respiration

Answer 8

gaseous exchange between the lungs and the blood

Question 9

internal respiration

Answer 9

gaseous exchange between the blood in the capillaries and the body cells

Question 10

cellular respiration

Answer 10

the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in a cell to obtain energy from fuels such as glucose

Question 11

pathway of air

Answer 11

nose/mouth
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
capillaries

Question 12

trachea

Answer 12

lines with cilia which catch particles of dust which is then removed by coughing
kept open by rings of cartilage

Question 13

bronchioles

Answer 13

narrow thin tubes less than 1 mm in diameter
no cartilage

Question 14

alveoli

Answer 14

responsible for gaseous exchange between the blood and the lungs which occurs via diffusion from high to low partial pressure

Question 15

structure of alveoli

Answer 15

thin walls for short diffusion pathway
large surface area for millions in each lung
extensive capillary network

Question 16

process of inhaling

Answer 16

rib cage moves up and out
diaphragm contracts and pulled flat
pressure in lungs decreases
air is drawn in

Question 17

process of exhaling

Answer 17

rib cage falls
diaphragm relaxes and rises to some shape
pressure in the lungs increases
air is forced out

Question 18

pressure differences

Answer 18

air moves from high to low pressure
to get air into lungs pressure has to be lower than atmosphere outside
greater the difference, faster air will flow

Question 20

muscles used for inspiration at rest

Answer 20

external intercostals
diaphragm

Question 21

muscles used for expiration at rest

Answer 21

passive
diaphragm
external intercostals

Question 22

muscles used for inspiration during exercise

Answer 22

pectoralis minor
diaphragm
sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
external intercostals

Question 23

muscles used for expiration during exercise

Answer 23

internal intercostals
abdominals

Question 24

partial pressure

Answer 24

the pressure exerted by a gas when it’s in a mixture with other gases

Question 25

how does oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse from alveoli and blood

Answer 25

oxygen in the alveoli has a high partial pressure so it diffuses into the blood where it is a lower partial pressure blood in the capillaries has a high partial pressure of co2 so it diffuses into to the alveoli where there is a lower partial pressure

Question 26

3 types of regulation of pulmonary ventilation

Answer 26

neural chemical hormonal

Question 27

the respiratory centre

Answer 27

located in the medulla oblongata controls depth and rate of breathing uses neural and control two main areas are inspiratory centre and expiratory centre

Question 28

inspiratory centre

Answer 28

sends out nerve impulses via the phrenic nerve to the inspiratory muscles to causes them to contract this stimulation acts for 2 seconds and then the impulses stop and passive expiration occurs due to the elastic recoil of the lungs uses sympathetic nervous system

Question 29

chemical control during exercise

Answer 29

is more co2 in the blood plasma More lactic acid is produced Blood acidity increases Changes detected by chemo receptors in the cartoid artery and aortic arch impulses sent to the inspiratory centre to increase ventilation Respiratory centre sends impulses down the phrenic nerve to stimulate more inspiratory muscles The sternocleodomastoid pectoralis minor and scalenes start contract The rate depth and rhythm of breathing start to increase this continues until blood acidity is returned to normal

Question 30

other factors affecting neural control of breathing

Answer 30

mechanical factors proprioceptors baroreceptors stretch receptors

Question 31

hormonal control of pulmonary ventilation

Answer 31

adrenaline is made in the adrenal gland of the kidney transported in the blood and affects the nervous system before we exercise the brain sends impulses to the adrenal glands which respond and pump adrenaline into the blood in anticipation of the increased need for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange as a result breathing rate increases in preparation for exercise and the demand to take in more oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

Question 32

effects of exercise

Answer 32

increased surface area of alveoli increases capillary density around alveoli/muscle respiratory muscles strengthened increased depth of breathing and frequency increased tidal volume during maximal exercise increased vital capacity increased vo2 max

Question 33

impact of effects of exercise on the respiratory system

Answer 33

greater amount of o2 diffuses into the blood and co2 into the alveoli greater blood supply larger gaseous exchange strengthened muscles means they have a greater force of contraction delays obla or lactate threshold increased aerobic endurance

Question 34

impact of effects of exercise on health and performance

Answer 34

perform for longer period of time at a higher intensity delays fatigue so can play longer carry out everyday activities with ease

Question 35

smoking

Answer 35

irritation to trachea and bronchi reduces lung function and increases breathlessness damages cilia which causes excess mucus build up alveoli walls can break down and form larger air spaces means smaller surface area and decreased rate of gaseous exchange

Question 36

COPD

Answer 36

chronic destructive pulmonary disease collection of diseases such as chronic bronchitis which is long term swelling of the bronchit

Question 37

oxygen transport with smoking

Answer 37

haemoglobin has a higher affinity for carbon monoxide oxygen Carbon monoxide is breathed in when smoking it combines with haemoglobin much more than oxygen This reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood This increases breathlessness during exercise

Question 38

effects of smoking

Answer 38

decrease efficiency for respiratory system to supply oxygen to muscles Carbon monoxide reduces amount of O2 absorbed in blood Haemoglobin has greater affinity to carbon monoxide than oxygen

Question 39

respiratory centre

Answer 39

located in the medulla oblongata Controls rate and debt for breathing Uses neural and chemical control Responsible for stimulating the expiratory muscles used during exercise