Respiratory System

Question 1

What is respiration

Answer 1

The taking in of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide

Question 2

Pathway of air

Answer 2

1.nose
2.pharynx
3.larynx (voice box)
4.trachea (wind pipe)
5.right and left bronchus
6.bronchioles
7.alveoli

Question 3

Mechanics of breathing

Answer 3

Air moves from areas of high partial pressure to low partial pressure via diffusion

Question 4

Inspiration at rest (inhaling)

Answer 4

-intercostal muscles contract and pull rib cage in and out
-diaphragm contracts coursing it to flatten
-the thoracic (chest) cavity gets larger, causing pressure in lungs to decrease

Question 5

What are main muscles in in inspiration and expiration

Answer 5

External intercostal muscles and diaphragm

Question 6

Expiration at rest (exhaling)

Answer 6

-intercostal muscles relax, so rib cage falls down and in
-diaphragm relaxes pushing it up into a dome shape
-thoracic cavity gets larger smaller so pressure in lungs increases
-are flows out the lungs

Question 7

Muscles that push out air during exhalation

Answer 7

-abdominals
-internal intercostal muscles contract

Question 8

Muscles that expand chest in inspiration

Answer 8

-sternocleidomastoid
-pectorals minor

Question 9

What is tidal volume

Answer 9

Volume of wire breathed in or out per breath (increases during exercise)

Question 10

What is inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 10

The volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath (decreases during exercise)

Question 11

What is Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 11

The volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath (slight decrease during exercise)

Question 12

What is residual volume

Answer 12

The volume of air that remains in the lunges after maximum expiration (stays the same during exercise)

Question 13

What is minute ventilation

Answer 13

The volume of air breathed in or out per minute (big increase during exercise)

Question 14

Minute ventilation calculation

Answer 14

Number of breaths per min(F) times tidal volume(TV)

Question 15

Total lung volume calculation

Answer 15

Vital capacity+residual volume

Question 16

Use of a spirometer

Answer 16

-breath in and out of a sealed chamber through a mouth piece.
-matching traces the breathing movements and translates them into graphical representation

Question 17

What is gas exchange

Answer 17

Getting O2 into the lungs so that it can diffuse into the blood and be transported to the cells of the body
-removal of CO2 from the blood

Question 18

What is Partial pressure

Answer 18

Pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gases

Question 19

What is diffusion

Answer 19

The movement of gas molecules from one area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 20

What does a concentration gradient show

Answer 20

How gases flow from one area of high concentration to low concentration.
-the steeper the gradient, the faster diffusion occurs

Question 21

Gas exchange of oxygen at the alveoli

Answer 21

-PP of O2 into the alveoli (100mmHg) is higher than the PP of O2 in the capillary blood vessels (40mmHg)
This is because O2 has been removed by working muscles so PP of O2 in blood is lower

Question 22

Gas exchange of carbon dioxide at the alveoli

Answer 22

-PP of CO2 is higher in the capillary blood vessels (46mmHg) than it is in the alveoli (40mmHg)
-this is because CO2 has been produced by working muscles as a waste product so PP of CO2 in blood is higher

Question 23

Gas exchange of oxygen at the muscles

Answer 23

PP of O2 is lower in the tissue (5mmHg) than in capillary blood vessels (100mmHg)
-O2 diffuses from blood into muscles until equilibrium is reached

Question 24

Gas exchange of carbon dioxide at the muscles

Answer 24

PP of CO2 is higher in the tissue (46mmHg) than in capillary blood vessels (40mmHg)
-CO2 diffuses from tissues to blood and taken to the lungs and exhaled

Question 25

Explain the alveoli structure

Answer 25

-single cell thickness of walls, means shorter distance for diffusion -moist lining, helps to dissolve/ exchange O2 faster -extensive network of capillaries, has a large SA for gas exchange

Question 26

Explain the capillary structure

Answer 26

-one cell thick, short distant for diffusion -large SA, more chance for diffusion -narrow diameter, means a slow passage of red blood cells

Question 27

Nervous system (NS)

Answer 27

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) is controlled by the NS, same as the heart and sinoatrail node -controlled by sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

Question 28

What are factors for regulation of breathing during exercise

Answer 28

-neural control (brain & NS) -chemical control (blood acidity/ CO2) -hormonal control (adrenaline)

Question 29

What is in the respiratory centre

Answer 29

-Inspiratory centre -expiratory centre

Question 30

Inspiratory centre

Answer 30

-Via the phrenic nerve -muscles included: diaphragm, external intercostal muscles, sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectorals major -increases breathing rate

Question 31

Expiratory centre

Answer 31

-Via the intercostal nerve -muscles included: abdominals and internal intercostal muscles -increases expiration

Question 32

Chemical regulation of breathing

Answer 32

-Blood acidity increases at exercise due to increased CO2 and lactic acid -detected by chemoreceptors -chemoreceptors send impulse to inspiratory centre which stimulate inspiratory muscles via the phrenic nerve - as a result, depth and rhythm of breathing increases until blood acidity is normal

Question 33

Hormonal regulation of breathing

Answer 33

-Adrenaline increases breathing rate (anticipatory rate) -released from renal glands and affects NS -adrenaline released into blood for anticipation of increased need for O2 and CO2 exchange - as a result, breathing rate increases

Question 34

Factors affecting neural control of breathing

Answer 34

-Proprioceptors: sends impulse to inspiratory centre to increase breathing rate -baroreceptors: same as proprio -stretch receptors: prevent over inflammation of the lungs by sending impulse to expiratory centre

Question 35

(Effects of smoking) Alveoli and lunch function

Answer 35

Walls break down and join together forming larger air sacs than normal. This reduces their surface area, making gas exchange inefficient

Question 36

(Effects of smoking) carbon monoxide

Answer 36

Is in cigarettes, stretched to the haemoglobin in the blood easier than O2 does, therefore blood carries less oxygen

Question 37

(Effects of smoking) trachea, bronchi and cilia

Answer 37

Smoking damages the cell lining of trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. As cilia are damaged lead to excess mucus (smokers cough)

Question 38

(Effects of smoking) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Answer 38

Increases the risk of developing respiratory diseases which cases shortness of breath

Question 39

Smoking and oxygen transport

Answer 39

-decreased efficiency of respiratory system to supply O2 to muscles - carbon monoxide reduces amount of O2 absorbed into blood -haemoglobin has greater affinity to CO2 than O2