respiratory system Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
Which system works WITH the respiratory system?
A
Cardiovascular
2
Q
How do the two systems (Cardio and Respiratory) work together?
A
- supply the body with o2
- removes carbon dioxide
3
Q
What is the respiratory system involved with?
A
gas exchange
4
Q
Why does the respiratory system lead to death if it fails?
A
- body isn’t receiving O2
- buildup of waste products (CO2 buildup leads to decreased pH)
5
Q
What are some things that the respiratory system includes?
A
smell receptors, voice production, and heat removal
6
Q
What is included in the upper structural anatomy of the respiratory system?
A
- nose
- pharynx (throat)
7
Q
What is in. in the lower structural anatomy of the res. system?
A
- larynx (voice box)
- thyroid cartilage
- cricoid cartilage
- Trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
8
Q
Where is the Adam’s Apple?
A
Thyroid cartilage
9
Q
Where is the landmark for a tracheostomy?
A
Cricoid cartilage
10
Q
What does conducting mean?
A
moving air
11
Q
What is included in the functional conducting anatomy of the res. system?
A
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- terminal bronchioloes
12
Q
What does respiratory mean?
A
gas exchange between air and blood
13
Q
What is included in the respiratory anatomy?
A
- respiratory bronchioles
- -alveolar ducts
- alveoli
14
Q
What is the function of the hyoid bone?
A
anchors tongue muscles
15
Q
What is the trachea?`
A
- series of C shaped cartilage (hyaline)
- ciliated pseudostratified clumnar epithelial cells
16
Q
What is the purpsose of the ciliated pseudostratified clumnar epithelial cells?
A
- sweep out particles
- they are paralyzed by smoking
17
Q
Where do the bronci divide?
A
at the sternal angle
18
Q
What do they (the bronchi) divide into? How many times do they devide?
A
primary, secondary, tertiary, and THEN they divide into bronchioles. 25 times
19
Q
Which portion of gas exchange between air and blood is involved in the respiratory system?
A
only the alveoli are involved in gas exchange
20
Q
What are the smallest motor units in the respiratory part of the body?
A
Voice production
21
Q
What are vocal chords?
A
folds of mucous membrane
22
Q
What is directed at the vocal chords during speech?
A
air
23
Q
What does voice pitch depend on?
A
how close together the vocal chords are that’s why women and children have a higher pitch
24
Q
Does whispering require the use of your vocal chords
A
no
25
In the bronchioles the epithelium changes from what to what?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar to cliliated simple columnar epithelium
26
in the large bronchioles it changes from what and where does this take place and why?
non-ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium in the terminal bronchioles because it is REALLY thin
27
Terminal bronchioles divide into _______ which subdivide into what?
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts
28
As the respiratory bronchioles keep subdividing and getting smaller, the epithelial tissues change from _______ to _______
simple cuboidal, simple squamous
29
What is the pattern of divisions in the airways sometimes called?
bronchiole tree
30
How many times does the bronchiole tree divide?
25
31
The further the airways extend into the lungs there is less _________ in their walls, and more ________
cartilage, smooth muscle
32
Why is there less cartilage and more smooth muscle the further the airways extend into the lungs?
the smooth muscle is easier to control and allows flight or fight response to take place.
33
What are the steps to an asthma attack?
- bronchiole smooth muscle contracts what causes constriction
- less supporting cartilage the trachea
- spasms can close off airways
- epinephrine is used as asthma drug
34
What is the function of the epiglottis?
it is a flap that keeps food and liquids from going down the larynx (breathing tube)
35
What does the hyoid bone do?
anchors tongue muscles
36
What kind of cartilage does the trachea have?
series of C shaped cartilage (hyaline)
37
What is the purpose of the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells in the trachea?
- sweep out particles
| - the cilia are paralyzed by smoking
38
What are the two sets of membranes that cover and protect the lungs?
parietal pleura, visceral pleura
39
Where is the parietal pleura?
next to the thoracic wall
40
where is the visceral pleura?
next to the lungs
41
What kind of membrane protects the lungs?
serous membrane of thoracic cavity= pleural membrane
42
What lung has the space in it that allows the heart to fit in?
left lung
43
What is the space called in the lung that fits the heart in it?
caridac notch
44
What do both lungs have?
lobes and fissures
45
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3
46
how many lobes does the left lung have?
2
47
What does each lung receive?
one primary bronchus
48
What does each lobe contain in the lungs?
lung lobules
49
What does each lobules contain?
terminal bronchiole and its associated alveoli
50
What is surfactant?
a liquid (phospholipids and lipoprotein) that lowers surface tension in alveoli
51
What are some things that surfactant does?
- prevents collapse of the lungs
| - allows elastic fibers in alveolar wall to hold alveoli open
52
Where is the site of gas exchange?
alveolar- capillary membrane
53
What is the total surface area of an alveoli?
750 sq ft
54
What is the measurement of the alveolar wall?
.5 micrometers
55
Why is the wall of the alveoli so thin?
So that diffusion can happen quickly
56
Blood supply to lungs travels via the...?
pulmonary circuit
57
The pulmonary trunk divides into what?
left and right pulmonary arteries
58
oxygenated blood returns to the heart via what?
R & L pulmonary veins
59
what is hypoxia?
deficency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissue
60
What effect does hypoxia have in the pulmonary tissues as compared to everywhere else?
opposite effect
61
poorly oxygenated areas have reduced _______
blood supply
62
arterioles to hypoxic areas in the lungs _______ where everywhere else they would
vasoconstrict, vasodilate
63
Physiology of respiration includes what?
- pulmonary ventilation
- eternal respiration (at the level of the lungs)
- internal respiration (in fluids)
64
What is pulmonary ventilation?
process by which gasses are moved in and out of lungs (inspiration and expiration)
65
How is inspiration achieved?
by changes of air pressure
66
When does air go into your lungs?
when your pressure gradient is low. (air moves high to low, air goes to you when you have low pressure)
67
Is inspiration an active or inactive process?
active
68
What happens before inspiration?
- air pressure inside lung = ambient air pressure (760 mmHg)
- diaphragm and intercostals are relaxed
- pressure inside the lungs is reduced
- this is achieved by increasing volume in lung
69
What is Boyle's law?
volume of gas in container and pressure in container are inversely related
70
What is the word for normal, quiet breathing?
eupnea
71
what is the word for shallow breathing?
costal breathing
72
What is the word for deeper breathing?
diaphragmatic breathing
73
Labored inhalation uses what muscles?
accessory muscles of breathing
74
What muscle is being used when the sternum is elevated during respiration?
sternocleidomastoid
75
What muscle elevates the 3rd-5th ribs?
pectoralis minor
76
When is expiration passive?
during eupnea
77
When is expiration active?
- labored breathing ie. during exersise
| - blockage of airways
78
What muscles does active expiration use?
intercostals and abdominal
79
What does the muscles involved with active expiration do??
- reduce volume in thoracic cavity
- increase pressure inside alveoli
- air moves along pressure graident
80
What is Atelectasis?
collapsed lung
81
What happens when your lung collapses?
- alveoli collapse onto themselves
- sometimes it is a surfactant problem
- can be due to intrapleural pressure being too high
82
What is a reason for intrapleural pressure being too high?
can be due to a hole in the lungs or thoracic wall.
83
what is compliance?
-ease of expanding lungs
84
What is high compliance, and is it good or bad?
-easy expansion and this is good!
85
What is compliance related to?
elasticity and surface tension
86
How is compliance reduced?
it is reduced by conditions that destroy lung tissue
87
Exchange of gases in the lungs is all about what?
diffusion
88
What is dalton's law?
each gas in a mixture exerts its own partial pressure as if the other gasses were not present.
89
How is partial pressure of gas determined?
-by multiplying the percent of that gas by air pressure
-ex: Po2 = 21% X 760mmHg=160mmHg
(this means that 760mmHg of the total air pressure, 160mmHG of that pressure is due to O2)
90
How does O2 diffuse?
it diffuses along its gradient as if the other gasses aren't in the mix
91
how much of air is oxygen?>
21%
92
how much of air is carbon dioxide?
.04%
93
What is the disease that in. asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema? (like the garbage can because it contains a lot of diseases)
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
94
What is the name for a chronic inflammatory disorder?
asthma
95
What are the effects of asthma?
- produces episodic narrowing of the airways
| - airways are hyperactive relative to stimuli that trigger asthma attack
96
What is asthma treated with, and what does this drug do?
epinephrine
| -it signals the b receptors to open airways
97
What is bronchitis
-inflammation of the bronchii
98
what does bronchitis cause?
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of glands and goblet cells
| - lots of mucus
99
What is a cause of bronchitis?
smoking
100
What is emphysema
- alveolar walls are destroyed
- large air spaces
- air trapped in lungs
101
what is the key symptom of emphysema?
reduced forced exhalation
| -also causes barral chest, and increased neck muscles because you have been struggling to breath
102
what is pneumonia?
infection or inflammation of the alveoli
103
What happens when you have TB?
- bacteria destory's the lungs
- replaced with fibrous connective tissue
- contagious, especially amongst immune compromised populations
104
Why is TB so dangerous?
- because TB bacteria can live outside the body for a long time (days)
- it is also chronic because you can walk around with is for a long time
105
What are some possible reasons pulmonary edema?
- may be due to congestive heart failure (in. capillary pressure in the lungs)
- may also be due to in. permeability of capillaries in the lungs
