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final exam bio 2320 > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

conchae

A

turbinates: create turbulence
warms and humidifies air
superior/middle: ethmoid bone
inferior: independent bones

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2
Q

nasal cycle

A

automatic selective activation of congestion of conchae of one side of nasal cavity, then the other, to keep membranes from drying

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3
Q

nasal cavity

A

filtrates
conditions
olfaction
RESONATING CHAMBER for sound

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4
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

decrease skull weight, provide resonance.

lined by ciliated epithelium with overlying mucus

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5
Q

pharynx

A

lined with mucosa and contain skeletal muscles(swallowing)

-respiratory and digestive system

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6
Q

nasopharynx

A

only passage of air.

uvula and soft palate prevent food or liquid from entering.

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7
Q

eustachian tubes

A

auditory tubes;

air pressure can be equalized.

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8
Q

pharyngeal tonsil

A

adenoids;

can contribute to sleep apnea

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9
Q

oropharynx

A

middle region;

epithelium has no cilia

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10
Q

palatine tonsils

A

only visible tonsils

lateral walls of oropharynx

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11
Q

lingual tonsils

A

base of tongue

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12
Q

laryngopharynx

A

no cilia
food/water/air pass through
narrows; food gets lodged here.

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13
Q

Larynx

A 
voice box; 
ciliated below vocal cords
-prevents swallow materials from entering the lower respiratory tract
-conducts air
-produces sounds
supporting by 9 pieces of cartilage
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14
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

anterior and lateral walls of larynx
hyaline cartilage
growth stimulated by testosterone

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15
Q

adam’s apple

A

laryngeal prominence

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16
Q

cricoid

A

full ring shaped supportive cartilage, just below thyroid cartilage.
hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

cricothyroid ligament

A

(crico (cricoid) + thyroid; ligament b/n cricoid and thyroid.
4 fingers from sternal notch

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18
Q

cricothyrotomy

A

emergency airway;
vertical incision in skin, horizontal incision made thru cricothyroid ligament
-plastic tubes can also be used

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19
Q

tracheotomy

A

caution of anterior jugular veins
incision 1-1.5 cm above suprasternal notch;
retractors pull back skin and subcutaneous tissue to expose trachea;
incision made through 3rd & 4th tracheal rings;
tracheotomy tube inserted;
taped into place; breathing bypasses nasal cavity/larynx;
complication: infection, hemorrhaging, aspiration of matter directly into the lungs

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20
Q

tracheostomy

A

name of opening in trachea in tracheotomy

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21
Q

tracheal stenosis

A

narrowing of the trachea at the incision site due to scar tissue formation

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22
Q

cricothyrotomy

A

caution of anterior jugular veins
vertical cut in skin;
horizontal cut crcothyroid ligament b/n thyroid and cricoid;
-complications: injury to trachea/larynx, hemorrhaging, tension pneumothorax, clogging of inserted tube with blood or secretions

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23
Q

tracheal transection

A

transverse cut through the trachea;

cricothyrotomy should not be performed if there is evidence of such an injury.

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24
Q

asphyxiation

A

larynx reaction to foreign body;
rima glottidis closes; laryngeal muscles spasm, vocal cords tense up;
person will be dead from lack of oxygen in 4-5 minutes if object is not removed

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25
heimlich maneuver
choking: can't speak, breath, or cough; may turn blue or gray fist under xiphoid; thumb towards chest; 6-10 thrusts upward and inward; may be needed several times. can be done on self using fist our edge of chair etc.
26
bronchoscopy
using bronchoscope (under general anesthesia) -rigid (best) -flexible viewing tube inserted through nose, mouth or tracheostomy
27
epiglottis
elastic cartilage; | forced to close over laryngeal opening (glottis) when larynx pivots upward (when swallowing)
28
vallecula
spit trap; at the base of the tongue; traps spit so as to not enter the glottis; landmark for laryngoscope
29
laryngoscope
blade with a camera; used for intubating patient
30
vestibular folds
false vocal cords; no function with sound; just superior to vocal ligaments
31
vocal ligaments
vocal folds; true vocal cords; produce sound as air passes through, ligaments vibrate and that make sound; maturation lengthens cords (male)
32
rima glottis
opening b/n vocal cords; narrow: folds are adducted wide: folds are abduct
33
glottis
rima glottis and vocal cords
34
pitch
tautness of vocal cords
35
range
length of cords
36
loudness
force of air
37
whisper
folds don't vibrate; | only most posterior portion of rima glottis is open
38
laryngitis
inflammation of larynx, may spread to other tissues. bacterial, viral infection most common cause; can get from overuse (e.g. yelling for hours); hoarse voice, sore throat, sometimes fever;
39
trachea
``` 'windpipe'; extends through mediastinum; ant. to esophagus; inf. to larynx; sup. primary bronchi; surrounded by tracheal cartilages ```
40
tracheal cartilages
15-20 C shaped cartilages around trachea; | keep trachea open(patent);
41
trachealis muscle
binds open ends of tracheal cartilage; constricts to make air pass through lungs more rapidly and forcefully; distends to allow food and water to more easily pass through the esophagus
42
ciliated epithelium
mucosa lining of larynx and pharynx; mucin-secreting goblet cells; mucin-secreting glands
43
primary bronchi
not symmetric; | right: shorter, wider, more vertical, more susceptible to be travelled through by foreign objects
44
bronchial tree
from prim. bronchi to terminal bronchioles; hyalin cartilage supports branches; cartilage gets smaller and smaller
45
hilum
medial surface of lungs
46
secondary bronchi
left:2 right: 3 (one for each lobe)
47
tertiary bronchi
next smaller branch than secondary bronchi;
48
bronchioles
< 1 mm diameter; no cartilage (smallness prevents collapse; no cilia; smooth muscle
49
bronchoconstriction
when smooth muscle in bronchioles constrict to regulate airflow
50
bronchodiolation
smooth muscle relaxation of bronchioles
51
terminal bronchioles
end of conducting pathway
52
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi; cause: bacteria, virus, or inhaling chemicals, cigarette smoke; acute, chronic;
53
acute bronchitis
rapidly, during infection (e.g. common cold); symptoms: cough, wheezing, pain in inhalation, fever; resolved in 10-14 days
54
chronic bronchitis
long-term exposure to irritants such as chemical vapors, polluted air, or cigarette smoke; large amounts of mucus with cough for 3 months; permanent changes: 1: thickened bronchial walls, narrowing of lumens 2: overgrowth of the mucin-secreting cells of the bronchi (hyperplasia) 3: accumulation of lymphocytes within the bronchial walls; increases likeliness of bacterial infection and pneumonia;
55
cystic hygroma
tangled mass of lymph vessels
56
amniotic fluid
fluid in uterus;
56
Pneumothorax
Condition when free air gets into the pleura cavity; 2 causes: Penetrating injury(knife, gun shot etc) Broken rib lacerates surface of lungs
57
Atelectasis
Condition when portion of lung deflates due to the presence of free air in the pleural cavity
58
Tension pneumothorax
When hole in chest allows one way entry of hole; as patient struggles for air more enters pleural cavity; Atelectasis occurs; Displacement of mediastinum structures ( heart); Both lungs compress
59
Hemothorax
Blood in the pleural cavity
60
Hydrothorax
Accumulation of serous fluid in pleural fluid
61
Empyema
Accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity.

final exam bio 2320 (3 decks)

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