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Organ Histo Exam 2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. oxygen and carbondioxide exchange
  2. olfaction
  3. phonation
  4. provide defense
  5. condition air - conducting portion (2-5)
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2
Q

describe the filtration system

A
  1. large particle filters - ex, bugs
  2. medium particle filters - ex, dust, pollen
  3. small particle filters - ex. bacteria and viruses
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3
Q

what does the conducting portion of the respiratory system do

A

transports air to the respiratory portion

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4
Q

describe the vestibule of the nasal cavity

A
  1. surface epithelium - keratinized stratified squamous
  2. glands in CT - sebaceous and sweat
  3. support - hyaline cartilage
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5
Q

what is the respiratory region of the nasal cavity

A

between limen nasi and superior and middle concha

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6
Q

functions of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity

A
  1. warm air
  2. clean air
  3. humidify air
  4. provide defense
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7
Q

describe the structure of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity

A

~surface epithelium - respiratory (ciliated pseudostratified columnar)
~mucociliary apparatus - medium sized filter
~Seromucus glands found in lamina propria

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8
Q

what are the mucus in seromucus glands for

A
  1. mucociliary clearance

2. air humidity

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9
Q

what serous products are produced

A
  1. lysozome - antibacterial
  2. interferons - antiviral
  3. cytokines - stimulates defensive cells
  4. air humidity - small particle filter
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10
Q

where is the cavernous plexus found

A

lamina priopria

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11
Q

functions of the cavernous plexus

A
  1. warm air
  2. humidify air
  3. provide defense
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12
Q

what are the effects of increased blood flow

A

~ venules enlarge and LP increases in size resulting in decrease in lumen size causing “stuffy nose”
~ oxygen increase will stimulate seromucus gland secretion causing “runny nose”

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13
Q

describe the structure of the olfactory region

A
  1. surface epithelium - olfactory epithelium with supporting and basal cells and olfactory neurons
  2. olfactory neurons are bipolar neurons with olfactory cilia extending onto the epithelial surface. basal axon is unmyelinated with a sheath of Schwann cells. basal cells are small pyramidal shaped cells that can divide and replace the other two cell typs
  3. olfactory (bowman’s) glands produces serous product to cleanse olfactory cilia
  4. support - bone
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14
Q

describe paranasal sinuses

A

~found in ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal and maxilla bones, connect to nasal cavity thru small nasal ostia
~ epithelium - respiratory epithelium
~lamina propria - thin but has seromucuc glands and is quite vascular
~Small ostia - if LP swells ostia become blocked and sinus infection can thrive

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15
Q

what are the subdivisions of the pharynx

A

~ nasopharynx - superior
~ oropharynx - middle
~ laryngopharynx - inferior

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16
Q

describe the surface epithelium of the mucosas

A
  1. nasopharynx - respiratory with mucociliary clearance
  2. oropharynx - stratified squamous
  3. laryngopharnx - stratified squamous
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17
Q

describe the LP of pharynx

A

nasopharynx - pharyngeal tonsils
oropharynx - palatine and lingual tonsils
laryngopharynx - no tonsils

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18
Q

does the pharynx have a muscular mucosa

A

none

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19
Q

describe the submucosa of the pharynx

A

~ pharyngobasilar fascia - collagen in periosteum of basilar portion of occiput blends into the wall of pharynx for added support

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20
Q

Describe the mascularis externa

A

~ all skeletal muscles
~ reversed pattern - a. inner longitudinal muscles
b. outer circular muscles
(also occurs in th ureters)

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21
Q

Describe the adventitia

A

~ epimysium of buccinator muscle blends into the adventitia of the pharynx
~adventitia is CT
~function - to hold in place

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22
Q

where does the larynx lie

A

between the pharynx and trachea

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23
Q

describe the specilized luminal wall structure

Study These Flashcards
A

~surface epithelium - upper surface is stratified squamous, parts will transition to respiratory
~lamina propria - loose CT with seromucus glands
~cartilages with the wall of the larynx

24
Q

functions of the cartilages with the laryngeal walls

Study These Flashcards
A

a. maintain an open airway

b. along with skeletal muscle aid in sound production

25
types of cartilage within the larynx
~hyaline - thyroid, cricoid, and inferior arytenoid | ~elastic - epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate, and superior arytenoid
26
what is the function of the epiglottis
- keep food and liquid out of larynx
27
describe the vestibular folds
immovable folds of tissue surface epithelium - respiratory epithelium lamina propria - loose CT with seromucus glands and possible lymph nodes
28
describe the laryngeal ventricle
surface epithelium - mucosa is primarily stratified squamous
29
describe the vocal folds
``` -surface epithelium is stratified squamous function to protect from abrasion and to some degree drying due to rapid air movement -lamina propria has dense regular bundles of elastic CT which functions to support vocal fold ```
30
describe vocalis muscle
- located deep to the mucosa - striated muscle which will adduct to narrow the rima glottidis - sound created when air vibrates the vocal folds
31
describe the mucosa of trachea
a. surface epithelimum - respiratory b. lamina propria - loose CT with seromucus glands that is quite vascular c. no muscularis mucosa
32
what are the cell types in the surface epithelium of mucosa of the trachea
goblet - ~30% ciliated columnar - ~ 30% basal cells - ~ 30% brusch cells - ~ 3% function maybe chemosensory serous cells ~ 3% -secretes unknown product to lumen DNES (small granule) Cells (Kulchitsky Cells) 3-4% - secretes in LP likely to influence respiratory epithelium
33
what does the submucosa of the trachea contain
hyaline cartilage c-ring and blends with LP
34
describe the muscularis externa of trachea
individual trachealis muscles - smooth
35
describe the adventitia of trachea
CT
36
what are the structural trends in the bronchi
``` ~decreases in: amount of cartilage number of glands (seromucus) number of goblet cells ~increases in: smooth muscle elastic CT ```
37
what does the intrapulmonary bronchi include
secondary and tertiary bronchi
38
what are the characteristics of bronchioles
1. less than 1 mm 2. no cartilage 3. no seromucus glands 4. complete smooth muscle layer 5. epithelium type is simple columnar/cuboidal with some goblets and clara cells, but can vary some along the length 6. clara cells -- have short microvilli 7. other cells include chemosensory brush cells
39
what do secretory cells in the surface epithelium of bronchioles do
- secrete product to protect epithelium - produce enzymes which degrades toxins - regenerate bronchilar epithelium - secrete lysozome - produce surfactant type material
40
describe the terminal bronchioles
last part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system epithelium - simple columnar/cuboidal with clara cells LP - fibroelastic CT 1-2 layers of smooth muscle
41
Describe respiratory bronchioles
First region of respiratory portion - simple cuboidal epithelium with clara and some cilia - similar to terminal bronchioles but with some simple squamous epithelium therefore gas exchange is possible
42
what is the function of alveolar ducts and sacs
gas exchange ( same structure as alveoli)
43
Describe alveolar type I cells
type I pneumocyte (flat cells) 95% of alveolar surface squamous type cells with zonula occludens between cells general function is gas exchange
44
describe alveolar type II cells
type II pneumocyte 5% of alveolar surface but as numerous as type I most to sides of alveoli - cuboidal cells functions as stem cell for type I and type II produce pulmonary surfactant and lysozome
45
describe alveolar macrophage
dust cells develop from monocytes function to clean septal walls using phagocytosis produces lysozyme
46
what is an interalveolar septum
region between two alveoli parts include type I and type II cells and continous capillaries, fibroblasts, basal lamina, small amounts of CT with many elastic fibers, myofibroblasts and mast cells
47
what is the blood gas barrier
region where oxygen and carbondioxide pass between the air and blood this is the minimum diffusion distance/barrier that allows for the most efficient gas exchange
48
parts of the blood gas barrier
air to blood: -pulmonary surfactant coating the internal aspect of alveoli -alveolar type I - each cell has its own basement membrane -fused basal lamina-shared bet alv type I and endohelial cell of capillary -endothelial cells of capillary - squamous
49
what results in bronchodilation
thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia provide fibers which will relax the bronchial smooth muscle
50
what causes the paradoxical response of constricting the pulmonary blood vessels
sympathetic fibers stimulate smooth muscle in the tunica media
51
when does broncho constriction occur
when the vagus is stimulated causing parasympathetic fibers to constrict bronchial smooth muscle
52
what happens when there is chronic exposure to irritants and metaplasia in the upper respiratory tract
- goblet cell numbers increase - increase mucus - ciliated columnar cells decrease causes congestion - seromucus glands increase in size causes more fluid - much coughing develop patches of stratified squamous metaplasia instead of respiratory epithelium
53
what is RDS
Respiratory distress Syndrome in newborns- too few mature alveolar type II cells, therefore less surfactant
54
how is RDS treated
1. artificial surfactant and CPAP-only few treatments needed | 2. glucocorticoids given before birth will induce surfactant production
55
what is emphysema
decrease in elastin so decrease in alveolar elasticity reduced surface for gas exchange irreversible inflammation attracts macrophages and neutrophils which secrete elastase
56
what are the causes of emphysema
1. inflammation - from infection irritatants, smoking | 2. genetic - hepatocytes produce alpha 1-AT but can not release it therefore levels are too low
57
what is Alpha 1-AT
a protein that protects elastic fibers

Organ Histo Exam 2 (3 decks)

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