Respiratory System

Question 1

Normal human blood PH

Answer 1

7.4- slightly basic

Question 2

What makes our PH decrease?

Answer 2

Carbonic acid

Question 3

TV/normal TV

Answer 3

tidal volume
Difference between volumes after a normal inhalation and a normal exhalation
500-600 ml
17-20 oz of air

Question 4

IRV/normal IRV

Answer 4

Inspiratory reserve volume
The additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume
3100 mL

Question 5

ERV/normal ERV

Answer 5

Expiratory reserve volume

The additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume

Question 6

VC

Answer 6

Vital capacity

The sum of the ERV, IRV, and TV

Question 7

Hypoxia

Answer 7

Deficiency in the amount of O2 reaching hemoglobin

Question 8

Cyanotic

Answer 8

Blue or purple coloration of the tissue skin or mucous membrane due to tissues near the skin surface having a low O2 saturation

Question 9

Phrenic nerve

Answer 9

Originates in neck and passes down between neck and in between lung and heart to reach diaphragm
Send signals to the diaphragm and automatically helps you breathe

Question 10

Volition

Answer 10

Conscious control
Forces you to breath even if you try and hold your breath
Respiratory canter ignores messages from cortex

Question 11

What other factors change breathing rate

Answer 11

Emotional factors: stimuli acting through centers in the hypothalamus
Chemical factors: levels of O2 and CO2 in the blood

Question 12

Why don’t emphysema patients receive low levels of O2

Answer 12

Their brains don’t recognize increased levels of CO2 as important
If they were given high levels of O2 they would stop breathing because respiratory stimulus is gone

Question 13

Apnea

Answer 13

Cessation of breathing until CO2 builds up again

Question 14

COPD

Answer 14

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Air hunger
Comes from smoking

Question 15

Dyspnea

Answer 15

Difficult or labored breathing

Question 16

Chronic bronchitis

Answer 16

Mucosa of lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflamed and produces excessive amounts of mucus

Question 17

Emphysema

Answer 17

Alveoli enlarge

Chronic inflammation promotes fibrosis of lungs

Question 18

CF

Answer 18

Cystic fibrosis

Over secretion of mucous that clogs the respiratory passages

Question 19

Surfactant

Answer 19

Fatty molecule made by cuboidal alveolar cells
Controls respiration
Lowers surface tension so alveoli don’t collapse between each breath

Question 20

IRDS

Answer 20

Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Distress syndrome
Alveoli collapse after each breath

Question 21

Residual volume

Answer 21

About 1200 ml of air that still remains in the lungs
Cannot be voluntarily expelled
Helps with continuous gas exchange

Question 22

Inspiration

Answer 22

Air flowing into the lungs

Question 23

Expiration

Answer 23

Air leaving the lungs

Question 24

Pleural fluid

Answer 24

Serous secretion allowing lungs to glide easily over thorax wall during breathing movements

Question 25

What does smoking do

Answer 25

Brings CO2 to alveoli

Question 26

What does hyperventilation do

Answer 26

Gets rid of too much CO2 and makes your PH rise

Question 27

What are non respiratory air movements?

Answer 27

Coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccups, yawning

Question 28

Hypercapnia/cause

Answer 28

Extra CO2 in the bloodstream | Caused by hyperventilation or lung disease

Question 29

Primary stimulant for ventilation in a healthy person

Answer 29

Medula

Question 30

What is a problem a person would have if they had brain damage to the medulla oblongata

Answer 30

Paralysis of the throat palate Causing difficulty swallowing Drooling and disturbances of taste

Question 31

Where is homeostasis of ventilation regulated in the brain

Answer 31

Brain stem

Question 32

What are the central chemoreceptors sensitive to?

Answer 32

Changes in CO2 levels

Question 33

Severe emphysema | What would happen to TLC and VC

Answer 33

They would be higher in the lungs bc your body wouldn't be able to push it out

Question 34

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 34

When hemoglobin is more attracted to carbon monoxide than oxygen

Question 35

Location of chemoreceptors

Answer 35

Aorta, carotid arteries, and medulla of brain

Question 36

What do chemoreceptors do

Answer 36

Measures CO2, signals, and to brain when your body needs breath

Question 37

How do we breathe

Answer 37

Intercostal muscles contract, forcing ribs up and out | Diaphragm contracts and flattens

Question 38

How do we breathe out

Answer 38

Intercostal muscles relax | Diaphragm relaxes, volume of torso decreases

Question 39

After hyperventilation what happens

Answer 39

O2 levels decrease

Question 40

As you hold your breath, what rises?

Answer 40

CO2

Question 41

What has an j fluency in how long you can hold your breath?

Answer 41

Concentration of CO2

Question 42

Medulla

Answer 42

Primary stimulant for ventilation in brain

Question 43

Problems with medulla

Answer 43

Difficulty swallowing, drooling, disturbance of taste

Question 44

VO2 Max

Answer 44

Aerobic capacity Point where you can't physically work harder Deteriorates over time

Question 45

What happens during hyperventilation

Answer 45

Get rid of too much CO2 | Which is why you need to breathe in a bag