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Respiratory System Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

What are alveoli and what do they do?

A

Tiny sacks of air with capillaries inside. Alveoli diffuses CO2.

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2
Q

What is the partial pressure of water vapour in the lungs?

A

47mm/Hg (constant)

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3
Q

What pressure of O2 is needed to function properly?

A

55mm/Hg

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4
Q

Volume of O2/CO2 in lungs?

A

O2 = 14% CO2 = 5.3%

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5
Q

Haemoglobin. What is it, what does it do, and where is it made?

A

Protein in the red blood cells. Transports O2 and absorbs it. Made in bone marrow.

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6
Q

What is the saturation level of haemoglobin? (MSL/10.000ft/20.000ft)

A

MSL: 97.5% 10.000ft : 87% 20.000ft : 65%

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7
Q

O2 Requirements in relation to altitude.

A
  • Up to 10.000ft: Air only
  • 10.000ft to 33.700ft: O2+Air mix = keeps body at Ground level.
  • 33.700ft to 40.000ft: 100% O2 = keeps body at 10.000ft.
  • Above 40.000ft: O2 under pressure to keep body at 10.000ft.
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8
Q

How thick are capillaries and what do they do?

A

1 cell thick. They diffuse O2.

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9
Q

Explain how the air reaches the lungs.

A

Air is breathed in through our nose/mouth. It travels through the trachea (windpipe). It is then split via the bronchus into 2 lungs and flows through bronchioles into alveoli. Alveoli is wrapped in capillaries, which diffuses O2.

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10
Q

How many alveoli are in our body?

A

Approx. 300 million

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11
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

When oxygen has diffused into haemoglobin.

It is then transported around the body to the organs & muscles.

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12
Q

What is external respiration?

A

When we take oxygen from the air and diffuse it in the red blood stream. Also CO2 from blood to air.

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13
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

It’s when oxyginated blood is taken to organs&muscles.

Use of oxygen within each cell to create energy by oxidising fuel (carbs/glucose).

Internal respiration controls our metabolism

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14
Q

Cabin Pressure is set to which altitude?

A

6000-8000ft.

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15
Q

Breathing through the nose does what?

A
  • It cleans and filters the air
  • Warms the air
  • Adds moisture to the air.
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16
Q

What are the waste products of internal respiration?

A

CO2 and Water.

CO2 + Water = Carbonic Acid

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17
Q

What does Carbonic Acid do?

A

It controls the pH/acidity level of our blood which controls our breathing.

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18
Q

Normal rate of external respiration at rest?

A

12-20 times per minute

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19
Q

Rate of external respiration is controlled by what?

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A

CO2 concentration in blood

20
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

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A

Max amount of air that can fill the lungs.

6000ml

21
Q

What is the tidal volume?

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A

How much air is inhaled and exhaled with a normal breath.

500ml

22
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

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A

Amount of air that can forcibly be inhaled after tidal volume

3100ml

23
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

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A

Amount of air that can forcibly be exhaled after tidal volume

1200ml

24
Q

Residual volume

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A

Volume of air remaining in lungs after Expiratory Reserve volume.

Can not be exhaled.

1200ml.

25
Vital Capacity
Total air that can be exhaled after fully inhaling. Approx. 80% of total lung capacity 4800ml. Total lung capacity - Residual volume = Vital Capacity
26
Inspiratory capacity
Max amount of air that can be inhaled 3600ml
27
Functional residual capacity
Amount of air remaining in lungs after normal expiration 2400ml
28
What is hypoxia?
Insufficient oxygen to support the metabolism of tissues
29
What causes Hypoxic Hypoxia?
Caused by low saturation levels of oxygen. Can be caused by reduced levels of atmospheric oxygen. Lung infection/Blockage of airway/Inhibited breathing due to drug overdose
30
What causes Anemic Hypoxia?
Insufficient amount of haemoglobin in red blood cells Can be caused by traumatic injury, blood disorders or blood donation (less red blood cells)
31
Stagnant Hypoxia
Result of low blood flow Contraction of blood vessels due to cold.
32
Histotoxic Hypoxia
Caused by poisoning of blood cells resulting in abnormally low supply of oxygen to blood cells. Can be caused by carbon monoxide poisoning
33
Symptoms of hypoxia
* Stomach pain * Tingling sensation in hands and feet * Ear discomfort * Cyanosis (lips and fingernails blue) * Increased rate of breathing * Headache * Nausea * Dizziness * Euphoria * Impaired vision * Impaired Judgement * Impaired motor skills * Drowziness * Slurred speech * Memory loss
34
Stages of hypoxia (altitude, blood O2 saturation)
* Indifferent Stage: 0-10.000ft * Blood O2 Saturation: 90-95% * * Compensatory Stage: 10-15.000ft * Blood O2 Saturation 80-90% * * Disturbance Stage: 15-20.000ft * Blood O2 Saturation 70-80%. * * Critical Stage 20-23.000ft * Blood O2 Saturation 60-70%
35
At which altitude does Night Vision start to become worse?
5.000ft
36
3 Thresholds of Hypoxia
* Reaction Threshold: GL-7.000ft * Disturbance Threshold 7.000-12.000ft * Critical Threshold 12.000-22.000ft
37
What does Time of Useful Consciousness describe?
Time after a person has been deprived of oxygen in which he is still aware of his environment and capable of controlling his actions.
38
What affects Time of Useful Consciousness?
* Health of individual * Smoker * Body Weight * Speed of decompression * Physical activity at the time of decompression
39
Time of Useful Consciousness
* 20.000ft: 30 minutes (5 minutes if moderate activity) * 30.000ft: 1-2 min * 35.000ft: 30-90 sec * 40.000ft: 15-20 sex
40
What is hyperventilation and what causes the symptoms?
* It's the state of breathing faster or deeper than is necessary for the body's current demand of oxygen. * Lack of CO2 in blood stream caused by excessive flushing of CO2 out of the blood. * This causes a reduction in carbonic acid, which increases the blood's PH level, which causes the ANS to constrict blood vessels.
41
What are some causes of Hyperventilation?
* Deliberately breathing too much/fast * Stress/Anxiety * Stroke, Heart Failure *
42
Symptoms of Hyperventilation
* Light headed/dizzy * Tingling lips, hands, feet * Hot or cold flushes * Impaired performance * Headache * Loss of muscle co-ordination * Fainting
43
What causes decompression sickness?
* DCS is caused whenever there is a large amount of nitrogen in the body and it is exposed to a drop in ambient pressure.
44
When is DCS a risk?
In prolonged flights above 18.000ft. At 25.000ft, the risk increased significantly. It's unlikely to be a problem below 14.000ft.
45
4 main symptoms of DCS
* Bends: Bones * Creeps: Skin * Staggers: Brain * Chokes: Lungs
46
DCS and Scuba diving. Periods between Dive & Flight
* MSL - 30ft : 12 hrs * 30 ft+ : 24 hrs Can cause DCS at altitudes as low as 6.000ft.
47
What can happen in a cockpit after rapid decompression and what will the altitude in the cockpit feel like?
Fog/Mist will form due to condensation Due to the venturi, the cabin altitude will feel as though it is 5.000-6.000ft higher than it actually is.

HPL (6 decks)

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