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Biology 12 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the nasal cavity

A
  • cleans using cilia and mucus filter
  • passage for air
  • moistens air
  • warms air (lined with capilaries)
  • Smell
  • Sound resonating chambers
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2
Q

what is the pharynx

A

common opening for food and gasses

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3
Q

list the three regions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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4
Q

what is the nasopharynx

A

where mucus and debris is swallowed

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5
Q

what is the oropharynx

A

part of the pharynx that comes from the oral cavity

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6
Q

what is they laryngopharynx

A

part of the pharynx from the epiglottis to the esophagus

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7
Q

What is the larynx

A

the open passage to the trachea

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8
Q

describe the larynx

A

cricoid cartilage rings
epiglottis abd vestubular folds
vocal cords
ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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9
Q

function of the epiglottis and vestibular folds

A

prevent debris getting into the glottis opening of larynx

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10
Q

function of vocal cords

A

sound production
amplotude and frequency of vibration determines loudness and pitch
cartilage and muscles adjust length and tension

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11
Q

function of ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cels

A

traps and sweeps debris up, preventing entry into lower respiratory tract

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12
Q

what is the trachea

A

tube for air passage

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13
Q

describe trachea

A
  • connective tissue and smooth muscle
  • supported by c-shaped cartillage rings
  • inner lining: psudostratified ciliates columnar epothelium with goblet cells. mucus debris, debris push it up to larynx
  • divides to form left and right primary bronchi
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14
Q

What does the trachea divide into

A

two primary bronchi

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15
Q

what do the two primary bronchi divide into

A

secondary bronchi

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16
Q

what does the secondary bronchi turn into

A

teritary bronchi

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17
Q

after teritary bronchi comes what

A

bronchioles

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18
Q

what is the alveoli

A

respiratory zone (site for gas exchange)

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19
Q

describe structure of alveoli

A

no cilia, debris removed by macrophages to lymph of bronchioles
one cell thick

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20
Q

describe the three types of cells in alveolar membrane

A
  • thin squamous epithelial cels
  • secretory cells
  • dust cells
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21
Q

what is the function of squamous epitheliam cells

A

gas exchange

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22
Q

what is the function of secretory cells

A

produce surfactant to lower surface tension

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23
Q

what is surfactant

A

a lippoprotein

24
Q

What is the thoracic cavity

A

space enclosed by thoracic wall and diaphragm

25
Q

what does the thoracic walls include

A

thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilage, sternum, and intercostal muscles

26
Q

describe double pleura membranes

A
  • enclose each lung
  • adheres lung to thoracic wall for expansion
  • filled with serous pleural fluid
27
Q

function of serous pleural fluid

A

lubricant for movement

adheres membrane together (helps alveoli open)

28
Q

describe how inspiration occurs

A

-diaphragm flattens down, contracts

29
Q

what is quiet inspiration

A

accounts for 2/3 of increase in size of thoracic volume

30
Q

function of intercostal muscles

A

elevate ribs to allow lateral expansion

31
Q

describe how expiration occurs

A

-relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals with contraction of abdominal muscles

32
Q

describe labored breathing

A

all inspiry muscles are active and contract more forcefully, and expiration is rapid

33
Q

how does breathing occur s

A

air moves from an area of high to low pressure

as volume gets larger (when diaphram contracts), then pressure in alveoli gets smaller

34
Q

is diaphragm contracts, do the alveoli get bigger or smaller

A

bigger (volume increases, pressure lowers, air flows through)

35
Q

what regulates ventilation

A

medulla oblongata

36
Q

what is external respiration

A

gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary blood capillaries

37
Q

describe pressure in external expiration

A

pressure in pulmonary capillaries is greater than pressure in alveolar air (co2 diffusion)

38
Q

describe pressurein external inspiration

A

pressure in pulmonary capillaries is lower than alveolar air (o2 diffusion)

39
Q

describe pressure in internal expiration

A

pressure in systemic capillaries is lower than pressurein tussue fluid (co2 diffusion)

40
Q

Describe pressure in internal inspiration

A

pressure in systemic capillaries is greater than pressure in tissue fluid (o2 diffusion)

41
Q

shortened name of hemoglobin

A

hb

42
Q

name of hemoglobin when carrying oxygen

A

oxyhemoglobin

43
Q

formula for hemoglobin turning into oxyhemoglobin

A

hb+o2 = HbO2

44
Q

name of oxyhemoglobin when it looses oxygen

A

deoxyhemoglobin

45
Q

Why does hemoglobin carry H ions

A

to buffer

46
Q

name of hemoglobin when it carries CO2

A

carbaminohemoglobin

47
Q

how is most Co2 carried in the body

A

as bicarbonate ions (HCO3) that are dissolved in plasma

48
Q

equation of bicarbonate expiration

A

CO2 +H2O —H2CO3— H+ HCO3

49
Q

Increase in Co2 pressure causes what

A

decreases in pH and HbO2

50
Q

increase H ions (low pH) causes

A

decreases HbO2

higher pH in lungs releases oxygen to blood

51
Q

Increased temperature causes:

A

decreased HbO2

as metabolism goes up, more oxygen is released to the tissues

52
Q

iron + heme =

A

hemoglobin

53
Q

where does hb+O2= HbO2 happen and when

A

happens in the pulmonary capillaries when O2 diluted through

54
Q

where does HbO2= Hb+ O2 happen and when

A

happens in the body capillaries when the cells uptake the oxygen

55
Q

Where does Hb + Co2 = HbCO2 happen and why

A

in the body when the capillaries take in the co2 that the cells produce

56
Q

Where does hbCo2=Hb + Co2 happen

A

in the pulmonary capillaries when the hemoglobin releases the co2 to the alveoli for expiration

57
Q

name for HHB

A

reduced hemoglobin

Biology 12 (8 decks)

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