Respiratory System Flashcards
Four processes of respiration
Pulmonary ventilation; External respiration; Transport of gases; Internal respiration
What is the difference between a respiratory zone the conducting zone?
The respiratory zone is were gases are exchanged, where as conducting zone is the conduits for air to reach that site
What are the functions of the nose? What part does each of these?
The nose provides an airway for respiration Capillaries moisten and warm the entering air Olfactory mucosa contains smell receptors The vestibule filters inspired air cleans it up of foreign matter Respiratory mucosa contains lysozymes and defensins to help destroy bacteria
Pulmonary ventilation
Movement of air in and out of the lungs
External respiration
Movement of oxygen from lungs to blood carbon dioxide from blood to lungs
Transport of gases
Brings oxygen from lungs to tissues that bring carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
Internal respiration
Movement of oxygen from blood to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to blood
That pharynx is divided into what 3 regions?
Nasopharynx oropharynx Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
And air passageway closes during following to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity epithelium: pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Oropharynx
Passageway for food and air Epithelium: stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngopharynx
Passageway for food and air epithelium: stratified squamous epithelium
Conducting zone: function and epithelium
Conduits for air to reach the sites of gas exchange 23 orders of branching As tubes become smaller structural changes occur as well as the epithelium
Respiratory zone: function
Site for gas exchange begin at terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> terminal clusters of alveolar sacs
Respiratory zone: type I cells
Epithelial cells permit gas exchange by simple diffusion; secrete (ACE) angiotensin-converting enzyme
Respiratory zone: type II cells
Secrete surfactant “Detergent like substance” so they don’t stick together this allows us to put air into a bubble into the alveoli
Trachea epithelium
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What do you think is a main ingredient of asthma medication. Why?
Epinephrine by dilating the bronchioles it opens the airway
Bronchioles Epithelium
Cuboidal epithelium
Which vessels provide systemic blood to the lung tissue
Bronchial arteries
Parietal pleura
Covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm continues around heart and between lungs
Pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleurae, Often the result of pneumonia. Inflamed pleurae become rough, resulting in friction and pain. As disease progresses excessive amounts of fluid are produced
Pleural effusion
The fluid that accumulates in pleural cavity breathing becomes more difficult
Visceral pleura
Covers the external lung surface divides the thoracic cavity into three chambers
How do we breathe in and out?
We change pressure inside the lungs by changing the (shape) volume. To breathe out the pressure goes up to 761mm Hg To breathe in you drop pressure to 759 mm Hg
What is normal lung pressure
760 mm Hg
Why must transpulmonary pressure be negative?
To keep the lungs from collapsing. The elastic fibers will try to get back together if the pressure is the same
Atelectasis
Collapse of the lungs. As from bronchial obstruction. Can occur when air enters the plural cavity either through a chest wound, which allows air to enter from outside, or do to rupture of the visceral pleura which allows air to enter from the respiratory tract
Pneumothorax
The presence of air in the intrapleural space
Boyles law formula
Boyles law is inverse formula P1V1=P2V2
What is the relationship between flow (F), pressure (P) and resistance (R)
Flow and pressure are direct resistance is The opposite
Surface tension
The attraction of liquid molecules to one another at a liquid-gas interface the liquid coating the alveolar surface is always acting to reduce the alveoli to the smallest possible size
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
Condition peculiar to premature babies where not enough surfactant is produced in the lungs. IRDS is treated with positive pressure receptors that force air into the alveoli. spraying natural or synthetic surfactant into newborns respiratory passages helps.
Lung compliance
The ease with which lungs can be expanded specifically the measure of the change in lung volume that occurs when a given change in transpulmonary pressure
factors that ease lung compliance
Distensibility of the lung tissue and surrounding thoracic cage surface tension of the alveoli
Factors of diminish lung Compliance
scar Tissue or fibrosis reduce Natural resilience of the lung blockage of the smaller respiratory passages with mucus or fluid reduce production of surfactant decreased flexibility of the thoracic cage or is decreased ability to expand
How can A spirometry test help distinguish between obstructive pulmonary disease and restrictive disorders
Obstructive pulmonary disease has increased airway resistance (Can come in but restricted coming out) restricted disorders have a reduction in total lung capacity from structural or functional lung changes ( Struggled to get air in)
Alveolar ventilation rate
Measure the flow of fresh gases into and out of the alveoli during a particular time AVR = frequency X TV- dead space Slow, deep breathing increases AVR rapid, shallow breathing decreases AVR
Dalton’s law
Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture The partial pressure of each gas is directly proportional to its percentage in the mixture * P means “partial pressure”
Henry’s law
When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure The amount of gas that will dissolve a liquid Also depends upon its solubility
How does ventilation perfusion coupling work in the lungs? Step 1 ventilation
Changes in carbon dioxide in the alveoli cause changes in the diameters of the bronchioles The ventilation is the amount of CO2 reaching the alveoli when the CO2 is high it dilates when the carbon dioxide is low it constricts
How does ventilation perfusion coupling work step 2 perfusion
The pulmonary arterioles serving the alveoli constrict to high amounts of CO2 which reduces alveolar ventilation reduces perfusion The pulmonary arterioles serving the alveoli dilate to low amounts of CO2 which enhances alveolar ventilation and enhances perfusion
How is oxygen carried in the blood?
It is carried by a hemoglobin
How is carbon dioxide carried in the blood?
Plasma 10% hemoglobin 20% bicarbonate 70%
What happens Po2 is increased
It picks up oxygen In the lungs
What happens if pH is increased?
It picks up oxygen in the lungs
What happens if BPG is increased?
It drops off oxygen in the tissues
What happens if carbon dioxide is increased?
It drops off oxygen in the tissues
What if temp is increased
It drops off oxygen in the tissues
Bohr effect
If it has more acid it will drop off more oxygen at the tissue
Hemoglobin is almost completely saturated at a Po2 of
70 mm Hg
Hypoxia
Inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues
Anemic hypoxia
To few RBCs
Ischemic hypoxia
Bloodflow impaired, congestive heart failure (body wide) emboli/thrombi
Histotoxic hypoxia
Body cells unable to use O2 even if available (cyanide poisoning)
Hypoxemic hypoxia
Reduce arterial Po2, abnormal ventilation perfusion coupling, pulmonary disease, breathing with low oxygen
Carbon monoxide poisoning
CO competes with oxygen for binding sites on hemoglobin Hemoglobin affinity for CO is 200 times greater than for 02 Victims have a healthy blush is the leading cause of death from fire and misused generators
Haldane effect
The lower the oxygen & hemoglobin saturation with oxygen, the more carbon dioxide can be carried in the blood
How are the Bohr effect and the haldane effect related
They are both in the tissue
What is the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system
Resists blood pH changes
Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
Integrate input from stretch receptors in lungs and chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid bodies
Ventral respiratory group
Excites to inspiratory muscles and sets eupnea (Normal respiratory rate) Becomes dormant during expiration
Pontine respiratory group
Works with medullary centers to smooth out breathing patterns
Hering-Breuer reflex
Inflation reflex, stretch receptors in the lungs are stimulated by lung inflation
Of all blood chemicals which is the most influential in your breathing rate?
Carbon dioxide
Central chemoreceptors
Monitors changing PCO2 levels in the brain stem
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Monitors changing PCO2 levels in the aorta and carotid bodies
Hypercapnea
Too much carbon dioxide resulting in increased depth and rate of breathing
Hyperventilation
Increased depth and rate of breathing; quickly flushes carbon dioxide from the blood
Hypocapnea
Too much hyperventilation lowers carbon dioxide and leads to dizziness occurs in response to hypercapnea or anxiety attacks
Apnea
(Breathing cessation) may occur until PCO2 levels rise
Control of breathing at rest is regulated by which chemical in the brain
Hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in the brain
Hypoxic drive
When PO2 levels become the principal respiratory stimulus
