Respiratory System Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
Four processes of respiration
A
Pulmonary ventilation; External respiration; Transport of gases; Internal respiration
2
Q
What is the difference between a respiratory zone the conducting zone?
A
The respiratory zone is were gases are exchanged, where as conducting zone is the conduits for air to reach that site
3
Q
What are the functions of the nose? What part does each of these?
A
The nose provides an airway for respiration Capillaries moisten and warm the entering air Olfactory mucosa contains smell receptors The vestibule filters inspired air cleans it up of foreign matter Respiratory mucosa contains lysozymes and defensins to help destroy bacteria
4
Q
Pulmonary ventilation
A
Movement of air in and out of the lungs
5
Q
External respiration
A
Movement of oxygen from lungs to blood carbon dioxide from blood to lungs
6
Q
Transport of gases
A
Brings oxygen from lungs to tissues that bring carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
7
Q
Internal respiration
A
Movement of oxygen from blood to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to blood
8
Q
That pharynx is divided into what 3 regions?
A
Nasopharynx oropharynx Laryngopharynx
9
Q
Nasopharynx
A
And air passageway closes during following to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity epithelium: pseudostratified columnar epithelium
10
Q
Oropharynx
A
Passageway for food and air Epithelium: stratified squamous epithelium
11
Q
Laryngopharynx
A
Passageway for food and air epithelium: stratified squamous epithelium
12
Q
Conducting zone: function and epithelium
A
Conduits for air to reach the sites of gas exchange 23 orders of branching As tubes become smaller structural changes occur as well as the epithelium
13
Q
Respiratory zone: function
A
Site for gas exchange begin at terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> terminal clusters of alveolar sacs
14
Q
Respiratory zone: type I cells
A
Epithelial cells permit gas exchange by simple diffusion; secrete (ACE) angiotensin-converting enzyme
15
Q
Respiratory zone: type II cells
A
Secrete surfactant “Detergent like substance” so they don’t stick together this allows us to put air into a bubble into the alveoli
16
Q
Trachea epithelium
A
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
17
Q
What do you think is a main ingredient of asthma medication. Why?
A
Epinephrine by dilating the bronchioles it opens the airway
18
Q
Bronchioles Epithelium
A
Cuboidal epithelium
19
Q
Which vessels provide systemic blood to the lung tissue
A
Bronchial arteries
20
Q
Parietal pleura
A
Covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm continues around heart and between lungs
21
Q
Pleurisy
A
Inflammation of the pleurae, Often the result of pneumonia. Inflamed pleurae become rough, resulting in friction and pain. As disease progresses excessive amounts of fluid are produced
22
Q
Pleural effusion
A
The fluid that accumulates in pleural cavity breathing becomes more difficult
23
Q
Visceral pleura
A
Covers the external lung surface divides the thoracic cavity into three chambers
24
Q
How do we breathe in and out?
A
We change pressure inside the lungs by changing the (shape) volume. To breathe out the pressure goes up to 761mm Hg To breathe in you drop pressure to 759 mm Hg
25
What is normal lung pressure
760 mm Hg
26
Why must transpulmonary pressure be negative?
To keep the lungs from collapsing. The elastic fibers will try to get back together if the pressure is the same
27
Atelectasis
Collapse of the lungs. As from bronchial obstruction. Can occur when air enters the plural cavity either through a chest wound, which allows air to enter from outside, or do to rupture of the visceral pleura which allows air to enter from the respiratory tract
28
Pneumothorax
The presence of air in the intrapleural space
29
Boyles law formula
Boyles law is inverse formula P1V1=P2V2
30
What is the relationship between flow (F), pressure (P) and resistance (R)
Flow and pressure are direct resistance is The opposite
31
Surface tension
The attraction of liquid molecules to one another at a liquid-gas interface the liquid coating the alveolar surface is always acting to reduce the alveoli to the smallest possible size
32
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
Condition peculiar to premature babies where not enough surfactant is produced in the lungs. IRDS is treated with positive pressure receptors that force air into the alveoli. spraying natural or synthetic surfactant into newborns respiratory passages helps.
33
Lung compliance
The ease with which lungs can be expanded specifically the measure of the change in lung volume that occurs when a given change in transpulmonary pressure
34
factors that ease lung compliance
Distensibility of the lung tissue and surrounding thoracic cage surface tension of the alveoli
35
Factors of diminish lung Compliance
scar Tissue or fibrosis reduce Natural resilience of the lung blockage of the smaller respiratory passages with mucus or fluid reduce production of surfactant decreased flexibility of the thoracic cage or is decreased ability to expand
36
How can A spirometry test help distinguish between obstructive pulmonary disease and restrictive disorders
Obstructive pulmonary disease has increased airway resistance (Can come in but restricted coming out) restricted disorders have a reduction in total lung capacity from structural or functional lung changes ( Struggled to get air in)
37
Alveolar ventilation rate
Measure the flow of fresh gases into and out of the alveoli during a particular time AVR = frequency X TV- dead space Slow, deep breathing increases AVR rapid, shallow breathing decreases AVR
38
Dalton's law
Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture The partial pressure of each gas is directly proportional to its percentage in the mixture \* P means "partial pressure"
39
Henry's law
When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure The amount of gas that will dissolve a liquid Also depends upon its solubility
40
How does ventilation perfusion coupling work in the lungs? Step 1 ventilation
Changes in carbon dioxide in the alveoli cause changes in the diameters of the bronchioles The ventilation is the amount of CO2 reaching the alveoli when the CO2 is high it dilates when the carbon dioxide is low it constricts
41
How does ventilation perfusion coupling work step 2 perfusion
The pulmonary arterioles serving the alveoli constrict to high amounts of CO2 which reduces alveolar ventilation reduces perfusion The pulmonary arterioles serving the alveoli dilate to low amounts of CO2 which enhances alveolar ventilation and enhances perfusion
42
How is oxygen carried in the blood?
It is carried by a hemoglobin
43
How is carbon dioxide carried in the blood?
Plasma 10% hemoglobin 20% bicarbonate 70%
44
What happens Po2 is increased
It picks up oxygen In the lungs
45
What happens if pH is increased?
It picks up oxygen in the lungs
46
What happens if BPG is increased?
It drops off oxygen in the tissues
47
What happens if carbon dioxide is increased?
It drops off oxygen in the tissues
48
What if temp is increased
It drops off oxygen in the tissues
49
Bohr effect
If it has more acid it will drop off more oxygen at the tissue
50
Hemoglobin is almost completely saturated at a Po2 of
70 mm Hg
51
Hypoxia
Inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues
52
Anemic hypoxia
To few RBCs
53
Ischemic hypoxia
Bloodflow impaired, congestive heart failure (body wide) emboli/thrombi
54
Histotoxic hypoxia
Body cells unable to use O2 even if available (cyanide poisoning)
55
Hypoxemic hypoxia
Reduce arterial Po2, abnormal ventilation perfusion coupling, pulmonary disease, breathing with low oxygen
56
Carbon monoxide poisoning
CO competes with oxygen for binding sites on hemoglobin Hemoglobin affinity for CO is 200 times greater than for 02 Victims have a healthy blush is the leading cause of death from fire and misused generators
57
Haldane effect
The lower the oxygen & hemoglobin saturation with oxygen, the more carbon dioxide can be carried in the blood
58
How are the Bohr effect and the haldane effect related
They are both in the tissue
59
What is the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system
Resists blood pH changes
60
Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
Integrate input from stretch receptors in lungs and chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid bodies
61
Ventral respiratory group
Excites to inspiratory muscles and sets eupnea (Normal respiratory rate) Becomes dormant during expiration
62
Pontine respiratory group
Works with medullary centers to smooth out breathing patterns
63
Hering-Breuer reflex
Inflation reflex, stretch receptors in the lungs are stimulated by lung inflation
64
Of all blood chemicals which is the most influential in your breathing rate?
Carbon dioxide
65
Central chemoreceptors
Monitors changing PCO2 levels in the brain stem
66
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Monitors changing PCO2 levels in the aorta and carotid bodies
67
Hypercapnea
Too much carbon dioxide resulting in increased depth and rate of breathing
68
Hyperventilation
Increased depth and rate of breathing; quickly flushes carbon dioxide from the blood
69
Hypocapnea
Too much hyperventilation lowers carbon dioxide and leads to dizziness occurs in response to hypercapnea or anxiety attacks
70
Apnea
(Breathing cessation) may occur until PCO2 levels rise
71
Control of breathing at rest is regulated by which chemical in the brain
Hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in the brain
72
Hypoxic drive
When PO2 levels become the principal respiratory stimulus
73
Respiratory adjustments exercise
Gear toward both intensity and duration
74
Exercise hyperpnea
Ventilation can increase 20 fold Without an increase of carbon dioxide or decrease in oxygen
75
How are hyperpnea and hyperventilation different
In hyperpnea the breathing does not have an increase of carbon dioxide or decrease in oxygen, unlike hyperventilation which lowers carbon dioxide
76
Nitrogen narcosis
After extended time nitrogen gas enters solution and concentrates and in lipid-rich tissues
77
The Bends
Ascending to rapidly during diving causes nitrogen gas to boil out of the blood and tissues, this leads to excruciating pain and eventually death
78
Decompression sickness
Include seizures, nausea and mood changes
79
Hyperbaric therapy
Usual and most effective treatment for decompression sickness
80
Acute mountain sickness
Quick movements to high-altitude; symptoms: headaches, shortness of breath, nausea and dizziness
81
Acclimatization
Long-term respiratory and hematopoietic adjustments to altitude, chemoreceptors become more responsive to PCO2 which increases ventilation as brain tries to compensate. increased ventilation 2-3 L/min higher than sea level. hemoglobins affinity for oxygen is reduced which results in more oxygen released to the tissues. kidneys release more erythropoietin which increases RBC production
82
COPD
80% caused from smoking dyspnea when labored breathing occurs and get progressively worse. coughing and frequent pulmonary infection. COPD victims develop respiratory failure of hypoventilation accompanied by hypoxemia CO2 retention and respiratory acidosis
83
Emphysema
Enlargement of alveoli with destruction of alveolar walls; accessory muscles needed for breathing victims use 15 to 20% of total body energy bronchioles collapse during expiration trapping air in alveoli causing barrel chest
84
Chronic bronchitis
Inhaled irritants lead to chronic mucus production and fibrosis of the mucosal tissue ventilation and gas exchange impaired. Frequent pulmonary infections because bacteria thrive in stagnant pools of mucus; degree of dyspnea is moderate compared to emphysema sufferers
85
Pink Puffer
Work hard at maintaining adequate ventilation thus loses weight but have nearly normal blood gases
86
Blue bloater
Victim is commonly more stocky and become sufficiently hypoxic and thus cyanotic
87
Asthma
Characterized by coughing, dyspnea, wheezing and chest tightness. Active inflammation of the airways proceeds bronchospasms. Airways thickened with inflammatory exudate which magnify the effect of bronchospasms. Inflammation is an immune response caused by certain T-helper cells that release interleukin which stimulate IgE
88
Tuberculosis
Infectious disease caused by Bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis symptoms: fever, night sweats, weight-loss, racking cough and spitting blood
89
Lung cancer
Accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in the US 90% of all patients with lung cancer were smokers three common types: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma
90
What Structures allow blood to bypass the fetal lungs
Foramen ovalis, ductus arteriosus mother breathes for the infant
91
Pulmonary ventilation; External respiration; Transport of gases; Internal respiration
Four processes of respiration
92
The respiratory zone is were gases are exchanged, where as conducting zone is the conduits for air to reach that site
What is the difference between a respiratory zone the conducting zone?
93
The nose provides an airway for respiration Capillaries moisten and warm the entering air Olfactory mucosa contains smell receptors The vestibule filters inspired air cleans it up of foreign matter Respiratory mucosa contains lysozymes and defensins to help destroy bacteria
What are the functions of the nose? What part does each of these?
94
Movement of air in and out of the lungs
Pulmonary ventilation
95
Movement of oxygen from lungs to blood carbon dioxide from blood to lungs
External respiration
96
Brings oxygen from lungs to tissues that bring carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
Transport of gases
97
Movement of oxygen from blood to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to blood
Internal respiration
98
Nasopharynx oropharynx Laryngopharynx
That pharynx is divided into what 3 regions?
99
And air passageway closes during following to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity epithelium: pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Nasopharynx
100
Passageway for food and air Epithelium: stratified squamous epithelium
Oropharynx
101
Passageway for food and air epithelium: stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngopharynx
102
Conduits for air to reach the sites of gas exchange 23 orders of branching As tubes become smaller structural changes occur as well as the epithelium
Conducting zone: function and epithelium
103
Site for gas exchange begin at terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles -\> alveolar ducts -\> terminal clusters of alveolar sacs
Respiratory zone: function
104
Epithelial cells permit gas exchange by simple diffusion; secrete (ACE) angiotensin-converting enzyme
Respiratory zone: type I cells
105
Secrete surfactant "Detergent like substance" so they don't stick together this allows us to put air into a bubble into the alveoli
Respiratory zone: type II cells
106
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Trachea epithelium
107
Epinephrine by dilating the bronchioles it opens the airway
What do you think is a main ingredient of asthma medication. Why?
108
Cuboidal epithelium
Bronchioles Epithelium
109
Bronchial arteries
Which vessels provide systemic blood to the lung tissue
110
Covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm continues around heart and between lungs
Parietal pleura
111
Inflammation of the pleurae, Often the result of pneumonia. Inflamed pleurae become rough, resulting in friction and pain. As disease progresses excessive amounts of fluid are produced
Pleurisy
112
The fluid that accumulates in pleural cavity breathing becomes more difficult
Pleural effusion
113
Covers the external lung surface divides the thoracic cavity into three chambers
Visceral pleura
114
We change pressure inside the lungs by changing the (shape) volume. To breathe out the pressure goes up to 761mm Hg To breathe in you drop pressure to 759 mm Hg
How do we breathe in and out?
115
760 mm Hg
What is normal lung pressure
116
To keep the lungs from collapsing. The elastic fibers will try to get back together if the pressure is the same
Why must transpulmonary pressure be negative?
117
Collapse of the lungs. As from bronchial obstruction. Can occur when air enters the plural cavity either through a chest wound, which allows air to enter from outside, or do to rupture of the visceral pleura which allows air to enter from the respiratory tract
Atelectasis
118
The presence of air in the intrapleural space
Pneumothorax
119
Boyles law is inverse formula P1V1=P2V2
Boyles law formula
120
Flow and pressure are direct resistance is The opposite
What is the relationship between flow (F), pressure (P) and resistance (R)
121
The attraction of liquid molecules to one another at a liquid-gas interface the liquid coating the alveolar surface is always acting to reduce the alveoli to the smallest possible size
Surface tension
122
Condition peculiar to premature babies where not enough surfactant is produced in the lungs. IRDS is treated with positive pressure receptors that force air into the alveoli. spraying natural or synthetic surfactant into newborns respiratory passages helps.
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
123
The ease with which lungs can be expanded specifically the measure of the change in lung volume that occurs when a given change in transpulmonary pressure
Lung compliance
124
Distensibility of the lung tissue and surrounding thoracic cage surface tension of the alveoli
factors that ease lung compliance
125
scar Tissue or fibrosis reduce Natural resilience of the lung blockage of the smaller respiratory passages with mucus or fluid reduce production of surfactant decreased flexibility of the thoracic cage or is decreased ability to expand
Factors of diminish lung Compliance
126
Obstructive pulmonary disease has increased airway resistance (Can come in but restricted coming out) restricted disorders have a reduction in total lung capacity from structural or functional lung changes ( Struggled to get air in)
How can A spirometry test help distinguish between obstructive pulmonary disease and restrictive disorders
127
Measure the flow of fresh gases into and out of the alveoli during a particular time AVR = frequency X TV- dead space Slow, deep breathing increases AVR rapid, shallow breathing decreases AVR
Alveolar ventilation rate
128
Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture The partial pressure of each gas is directly proportional to its percentage in the mixture \* P means "partial pressure"
Dalton's law
129
When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure The amount of gas that will dissolve a liquid Also depends upon its solubility
Henry's law
130
Changes in carbon dioxide in the alveoli cause changes in the diameters of the bronchioles The ventilation is the amount of CO2 reaching the alveoli when the CO2 is high it dilates when the carbon dioxide is low it constricts
How does ventilation perfusion coupling work in the lungs? Step 1 ventilation
131
The pulmonary arterioles serving the alveoli constrict to high amounts of CO2 which reduces alveolar ventilation reduces perfusion The pulmonary arterioles serving the alveoli dilate to low amounts of CO2 which enhances alveolar ventilation and enhances perfusion
How does ventilation perfusion coupling work step 2 perfusion
132
It is carried by a hemoglobin
How is oxygen carried in the blood?
133
Plasma 10% hemoglobin 20% bicarbonate 70%
How is carbon dioxide carried in the blood?
134
It picks up oxygen In the lungs
What happens Po2 is increased
135
It picks up oxygen in the lungs
What happens if pH is increased?
136
It drops off oxygen in the tissues
What happens if BPG is increased?
137
It drops off oxygen in the tissues
What happens if carbon dioxide is increased?
138
It drops off oxygen in the tissues
What if temp is increased
139
If it has more acid it will drop off more oxygen at the tissue
Bohr effect
140
70 mm Hg
Hemoglobin is almost completely saturated at a Po2 of
141
Inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues
Hypoxia
142
To few RBCs
Anemic hypoxia
143
Bloodflow impaired, congestive heart failure (body wide) emboli/thrombi
Ischemic hypoxia
144
Body cells unable to use O2 even if available (cyanide poisoning)
Histotoxic hypoxia
145
Reduce arterial Po2, abnormal ventilation perfusion coupling, pulmonary disease, breathing with low oxygen
Hypoxemic hypoxia
146
CO competes with oxygen for binding sites on hemoglobin Hemoglobin affinity for CO is 200 times greater than for 02 Victims have a healthy blush is the leading cause of death from fire and misused generators
Carbon monoxide poisoning
147
The lower the oxygen & hemoglobin saturation with oxygen, the more carbon dioxide can be carried in the blood
Haldane effect
148
They are both in the tissue
How are the Bohr effect and the haldane effect related
149
Resists blood pH changes
What is the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system
150
Integrate input from stretch receptors in lungs and chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid bodies
Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
151
Excites to inspiratory muscles and sets eupnea (Normal respiratory rate) Becomes dormant during expiration
Ventral respiratory group
152
Works with medullary centers to smooth out breathing patterns
Pontine respiratory group
153
Inflation reflex, stretch receptors in the lungs are stimulated by lung inflation
Hering-Breuer reflex
154
Carbon dioxide
Of all blood chemicals which is the most influential in your breathing rate?
155
Monitors changing PCO2 levels in the brain stem
Central chemoreceptors
156
Monitors changing PCO2 levels in the aorta and carotid bodies
Peripheral chemoreceptors
157
Too much carbon dioxide resulting in increased depth and rate of breathing
Hypercapnea
158
Increased depth and rate of breathing; quickly flushes carbon dioxide from the blood
Hyperventilation
159
Too much hyperventilation lowers carbon dioxide and leads to dizziness occurs in response to hypercapnea or anxiety attacks
Hypocapnea
160
(Breathing cessation) may occur until PCO2 levels rise
Apnea
161
Hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in the brain
Control of breathing at rest is regulated by which chemical in the brain
162
When PO2 levels become the principal respiratory stimulus
Hypoxic drive
163
Gear toward both intensity and duration
Respiratory adjustments exercise
164
Ventilation can increase 20 fold Without an increase of carbon dioxide or decrease in oxygen
Exercise hyperpnea
165
In hyperpnea the breathing does not have an increase of carbon dioxide or decrease in oxygen, unlike hyperventilation which lowers carbon dioxide
How are hyperpnea and hyperventilation different
166
After extended time nitrogen gas enters solution and concentrates and in lipid-rich tissues
Nitrogen narcosis
167
Ascending to rapidly during diving causes nitrogen gas to boil out of the blood and tissues, this leads to excruciating pain and eventually death
The Bends
168
Include seizures, nausea and mood changes
Decompression sickness
169
Usual and most effective treatment for decompression sickness
Hyperbaric therapy
170
Quick movements to high-altitude; symptoms: headaches, shortness of breath, nausea and dizziness
Acute mountain sickness
171
Long-term respiratory and hematopoietic adjustments to altitude, chemoreceptors become more responsive to PCO2 which increases ventilation as brain tries to compensate. increased ventilation 2-3 L/min higher than sea level. hemoglobins affinity for oxygen is reduced which results in more oxygen released to the tissues. kidneys release more erythropoietin which increases RBC production
Acclimatization
172
80% caused from smoking dyspnea when labored breathing occurs and get progressively worse. coughing and frequent pulmonary infection. COPD victims develop respiratory failure of hypoventilation accompanied by hypoxemia CO2 retention and respiratory acidosis
COPD
173
Enlargement of alveoli with destruction of alveolar walls; accessory muscles needed for breathing victims use 15 to 20% of total body energy bronchioles collapse during expiration trapping air in alveoli causing barrel chest
Emphysema
174
Inhaled irritants lead to chronic mucus production and fibrosis of the mucosal tissue ventilation and gas exchange impaired. Frequent pulmonary infections because bacteria thrive in stagnant pools of mucus; degree of dyspnea is moderate compared to emphysema sufferers
Chronic bronchitis
175
Work hard at maintaining adequate ventilation thus loses weight but have nearly normal blood gases
Pink Puffer
176
Victim is commonly more stocky and become sufficiently hypoxic and thus cyanotic
Blue bloater
177
Characterized by coughing, dyspnea, wheezing and chest tightness. Active inflammation of the airways proceeds bronchospasms. Airways thickened with inflammatory exudate which magnify the effect of bronchospasms. Inflammation is an immune response caused by certain T-helper cells that release interleukin which stimulate IgE
Asthma
178
Infectious disease caused by Bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis symptoms: fever, night sweats, weight-loss, racking cough and spitting blood
Tuberculosis
179
Accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in the US 90% of all patients with lung cancer were smokers three common types: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma
Lung cancer
180
Foramen ovalis, ductus arteriosus mother breathes for the infant
What Structures allow blood to bypass the fetal lungs
