Respiratory System

Question 1

upper respiratory system

Answer 1

is the path that air follows from entry through the nostrils to passage through the glottis

Question 2

sinuses

Answer 2

• End where the left and right sides of the cavity join – where the septum ends

Question 3

function of sinuses

Answer 3

a. Resonance chambers for speech

b. Reduce weight of the skull

Question 4

turbinal bones

Answer 4

project from the sides of both chambers

Question 5

function of turbinal bones

Answer 5

• increase their surface area

Question 6

olfactory epithelium

Answer 6

• lining the nasal cavity

* more present in people with good sense of smell

Question 7

respiratory epithelium

Answer 7

• ciliated

* supported by lamina propria

Question 8

function of olfactory epithelium

Answer 8

sensing odors within inhaled air

Question 9

functions of respiratory epithelium

Answer 9

• removes particulate matter form inhaled air

a. traps in secretions
b. cilia move to pharyngeal region where it is swallowed

Question 10

epithlium of respiratory mucosa

Answer 10

ciliated

pseudostratified

Question 11

glands of respiratory epithelium

Answer 11

Mucus secreting
Serous glands
Goblet cells

Question 12

epithelium of olfactory mucosa

Answer 12

Contains olfactory cells, supporting cells, and basal cells

Question 13

glands of olfactory mucosa

Answer 13

bowman’s glands

Question 14

what type of mucosa can be found in the nasopharynx

Answer 14

respiratory mucosa

Question 15

eustachian tubes

Answer 15

• allow equilibration of air pressure between the ears and pharnx
• connect the middle ear cavities to the nasopharynx

Question 16

tonsils

Answer 16

• guard the entrances to the eustachian tubes, trachea, and esophagus
• adenoid in nasopharynx
• palantine and lingual in oropharynx

Question 17

glottis

Answer 17

• opening to the trachea

Question 18

epiglottis

Answer 18

• cartilage that covers the glottis when food is swallowed to prevent it from entering the trachea

Question 19

structure of the epiglottis

Answer 19

• Coved by stratified, squamous epithelium
• Supported by dense connective tissue
• Interior contains patches of elastic cartilage interspersed among regions of white adipose tissue
• Covers the glottis
• Within the larynx

Question 20

structure of the larynx

Answer 20

• Formed by several pairs of cartilage which surround the upper end of the trachea
• Dorsally one pair connects to the hyoid bone which is part of the skeleton
• The vocal cords are found within and connected to cartilages on opposite sides of the tracheal lumen
• The ventral cartilage support the epiglottis
• controls movement of vocal cords
• between the oropharynx and trachea

Question 21

structure of vocal cords

Answer 21

i. Bands of connective tissue
ii. Stretched across the larynx just above the glottis
iii. Connected to the sides of the larnx by folds of tissue sometimes called the false vocal cords

Question 22

function of vocal cords

Answer 22

iv. Move apart during inhalation to allow air through
v. Move together and are stretched tight during speech. When air forced between stretched vocal cords they vibrate to produce sound

Question 23

bronchial tree

Answer 23

Branching series of tubes that conduct air into the tissue of the lungs

Question 24

components of the bronchial tree

Answer 24

• trachea
• two primary bronchi entering each lung
• bronchial tubes
• bronchioles
• terminal bronchiole
• respiratory bronchioles

Question 25

tissues of the trachea

Answer 25

``` hyaline cartilage dense, fibroelastic tissue trachealis muscle longitudinal smooth muscle glandular mucosa covered by respiratory epithelium ```

Question 26

function of hyaline cartilage in trachea

Answer 26

form the rings

Question 27

function of dense, fibroelastic tissue in trachea

Answer 27

forms the tracheal wall between rings

Question 28

function of trachealis muscle in trachea

Answer 28

* Connect the open ends of tracheal rings | * When contract, constricts the tracheal lumen increasing the pressure of exhaled air when coughing

Question 29

function of longitudinal smooth muscle in trachea

Answer 29

* Run along the dorsal edge of the trachea | * When contract, pull the rings together increasing the diameter of the lumen

Question 30

describe the mucosa of trachea

Answer 30

- glandular mucosa covered by ciliated respiratory epithelium with goblet cells - submucosa thicker between rings - contains abundant glands with serous and mucus product

Question 31

describe the changes from the trachea to the primary bronchus

Answer 31

* Few goblet cells * Elastic fibers in the lamina propria * A layer of smooth muscle separating the mucosa and submucosa * Fewer glands * Flattened, interconnected plates rather then rings of hyaline * Mast cells

Question 32

describe the changes from the primary bronchus to the bronchi

Answer 32

* Smaller diameter * Discontinuous hyaline cartilage plates * More prominent smooth muscle in spiral around the bronchus

Question 33

describe the changes from the bronchi to small bronchial tube

Answer 33

* Cartilage reduces to a few irregular plates * Columnar epithelium with little pseudostratification * Greatly reduced goblet cells * Rare glands in submucosa * Prominent spiraling smooth muscle * Submucosa merges with surrounding tissue

Question 34

describe the changes from the small bronchial tube to the bronchioles

Answer 34

* Very small diameter, <1 mm * No cartilage * Simple columnar or cuboidal, ciliated * Spiral smooth muscle below thin lamina propria * Clara cells replace goblet cells

Question 35

terminal bronchioles

Answer 35

* Near the end of the bronchial tree * Lead to respiratory bronchioles * Have intact wall and do not participate in gas exchange * Cuboidal epithelium * Patches of tissue containing muscle, collagen, and elastin fibers support these bronchiole

Question 36

respiratory bronchioles

Answer 36

• Surrounded by alveoli and participate in gas exchange • Alveoli a. The terminal units of the lung where gas exchange occurs • Gaps in the wall • As the terminal bronchial becomes respiratory bronchiole, the epithelum and underlying wall disappear – they are essentially air channels surrounded by alveoli

Question 37

describe alveoli

Answer 37

- thin walled sacs that function in gas exchange - lined by simple epithelium with 2 cell types - contain macrophages - walls have fibroelastic component - have capillaries between them

Question 38

cell types of the epithelium of alveoli

Answer 38

type I pneumocyte | type II pneumocyte

Question 39

describe the fibroelastic component of alveoli

Answer 39

* Walls of alveoli contain fine reticulin and collagen in addition to the predominant elastin * The fibers of each are continuous with the fibers of the next forming a supportive framework

Question 40

blood-air barrier

Answer 40

-• Formed by the cytoplasm of type I pneumocytes and the cytoplasm of an endothelial cell in the endothelium of capillaries – the basement membranes between the two cells are fused • Pores within the epithelium allow communication between adjacent alveoli which allows air pressure to equilibrate throughout the lung tissue

Question 41

type I pneumocytes

Answer 41

* in the simple epithelium of alveoli * provide barrio between the interior of the alveolus and the surrounding capillaries * Line the alveoli and are in intimate contact with surrounding capillaries – branches of the pulmonary artery * Form air-blood barrier which facilitates gas exchange

Question 42

type II penumocytes

Answer 42

* in the simple epithelium of alveoli * Round with large nucleus * Secrete surfactant – a mixture of phospholipids * Can divide and differentiate into either type I or type II pneumocytes if the lung tissue is damaged * Their cytoplasmic vesicles contain phospholipids

Question 43

clara cells

Answer 43

* Become more numerous as bronchioles become smaller * Tip often protrudes into the lumen * Denser cytoplasm then ciliated cell and lack cilia * Secretory

Question 44

Clara cells functions

Answer 44

- secrete surfactant | - divide and differentiate ito replace damaged cells in the epithelium

Question 45

alveolar macrophages

Answer 45

* Wander through the lung tissue and remove inhaled particles and bacteria * Can also move from alveoli to another via intralveolar pores

Question 46

alveolar capillaries

Answer 46

* between the type I pneumocytes in alveoli | * exposes blood to the air within the alveolus

Question 47

pulmonary elastic tissue

Answer 47

* within the walls of alveoli | * form the supporting framework throughout the lung tissue

Question 48

lung pleura

Answer 48

• Tough, fibrous tissue – dense connective tissue containing collage and elastin fibers • Outer surface is covered by simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium • The fibrous tissue of the pleura extends into the lung to form fibrous septa • Both pleura and septa contain… a. Larger blood vessels entering the lungs b. Lymph vessels draining lymph capillaries of the brachial tree

Question 49

bronchitis

Answer 49

* Occurs due to irritation of the bronchial tubes | * Results in thickening of the bronchial wall, especially the muscle and glandular regions

Question 50

causes of bronchitis

Answer 50

a. Bacterial infection b. Viral infection c. Inhalation of chemicals i. Smoking

Question 51

chronic bronchitis

Answer 51

* Epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamous in an attempt to protect the bronchial tissue from irritation and abrasion * This results in the loss of cilia, allowing copious mucous secreted by the enlarged glandular region to accumulate * Coughing is then required to remove the mucous

Question 52

emphysema

Answer 52

• Alveolar walls lose their fibroelastic support a. The elastin scaffold of the lungs is compromised causing alveoli to collapse during expiration b. Can result in collapse of the lung if widespread • Caused by chronic infection or long-term heavy smoking