Respiratory System

Question 1

Functions of respiration

Answer 1

Gas exchange: O2, and CO2 exchanged between blood and air

Olfaction: sense of smell

Blood pressure of regulation: helps with synthesis of angiotensin II

Acid base balance influences pH of body fluids by eliminating CO2

Phonation: producing sound

Question 2

What is considered upper respiratory tract

Answer 2

Nose

Nasal cavity

Paranasal sinuses

Pharynx

Larynx

THESE CAN CAUSE A SORE THROAT

Question 3

What is considered lower respiratory tract

Answer 3

Trachea

bronchi

bronchioles

alveoli

THESE CAN ALL CAUSE PNEUMONIA

Question 4

Functions of the nose

Answer 4

Warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air

Detects odors

Resonating chamber that amplifies voice

Question 5

Olfactory epithelium

Answer 5

Detects odors

Question 6

What are the three regions of the pharynx

Answer 6

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Question 7

Nasopharynx

Answer 7

Receives auditory tubes

Contains pharyngeal tonsil pseudostratfied columnar epithelium

Posterior to nasal aperatures and above soft palate

Question 8

Oropharynx

Answer 8

Space between soft palate and epiglottis

Contains palatine tonsils

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 9

Laryngopharynx

Answer 9

Epiglottis to cricoid cartilage

Esophagus begins at this point

Question 10

Larynx

Answer 10

Voice box

Cartilaginous chamber

Question 11

Primary function of the larynx

Answer 11

Keep food and drink out of the airway

also helps in phonation (production of sound)

Question 12

How many cartilages in the larynx

Answer 12

9

Question 13

What are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx

Answer 13

Epiglottic cartilage

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Question 14

Epiglottic cartilage

Answer 14

Spoon shaped supportive plate in epiglottis;

Most superior one

Question 15

Thyroid cartilage

Answer 15

Largest,laryngeal prominence

Adam’sapple

Shield shaped

Testosterone stimulates growth,larger in males

Question 16

Cricoid cartilage

Answer 16

Connects larynx to trachea, ring like

Question 17

What are the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx

Answer 17

Arytenoid cartilages

Corniculate cartilages

Cuneiform cartilages

Question 18

Arytenoid cartilages

Answer 18

Posterior to thyroid cartilage

Question 19

Corniculate cartilages

Answer 19

Attached to arytenoid cartilages like a pair of little horns

Holds vocal cords

Question 20

Cuneiform cartilages

Answer 20

Support soft tissue between arytenoid and epiglottis

Question 21

Thyrohyoid ligament suspends larynx from

Answer 21

Hyoid

Question 22

Cricotracheal ligament suspends trachea from

Answer 22

Larynx

Question 23

Epiglottis

Answer 23

Flap of tissue that guards the superior opening of the larynx

During swallowing, extrinsic muscles of larynx pull larynx upward

Closes airway and directs food to esophagus behind it

Question 24

Inner lining of trachea is ______epithelium

Answer 24

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 25

Mucocillary escalator

Answer 25

Mechanism for debris removal

Question 26

Air flow

Answer 26

Nasal cavity Pharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli (ONLY SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE)

Question 27

What are the cells of the alveolus

Answer 27

Squamous (type 1) alveolar cells Great (type 2) alveolar cels / septal cell Alveolar macrophages(dust cells)

Question 28

Squamous (type ) alveolar cells

Answer 28

Thin, broad cells Allow rapid gas diffusion between alveolus and blood stream 95% of alveolus surface area

Question 29

Great (type2) alveolar cells / septal cell

Answer 29

Cover the last 5% of alveolus surface area Repair the alveolar epithelium when type 1 Cells are damaged Secrete pulmonary surfactant (COATS THE ALVEOLI AND PREVENTS THEM FROM COLLAPSING DURING EXHALATION)

Question 30

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

Answer 30

Keep alveoli free from debris by phagoecytzing dust particles

Question 31

Diaphragm

Answer 31

Prime mover of respiration Contraction flattens diaphragm enlarging thoracic cavity and pulling are into lungs Relaxation allows diaphragm to bulge upward again, compressing the lungs and expelling air

Question 32

Internal and external intercostal muscles

Answer 32

Synergists to diaphragm Located between ribs Contribute to enlargement and contraction of thoracic cage

Question 33

Inspiration

Answer 33

Create negative pressure in lungs THIS IS AN ACTIVE PROCESS Rib cage is elevated Diaphragm lowers Thoracic pressure decreases to less than atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure forces air into the lungs

Question 34

Expiration

Answer 34

Create positive pressure in lungs THIS IS A PASSIVE PROCESS Rib cage lowered Diaphragm rises/ relaxes Thoracic pressure increases to more than atmospheric pressure Forces air out the lung

Question 35

External Respiration

Answer 35

Exchange of gases between interstitial fluid and the external environment Gas exchange between circulating blood and alveoli Oxygen diffuses from alveoli to capillaries Carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries to the alveoli

Question 36

Internal respiration

Answer 36

Exchange of gases between interstitial fluid and cells or between blood and interstitial fluid Or capillaries and interstitial fluid Oxygen diffuses from capillaries to the interstitial fluid and from the interstitial fluid to the cell Carbon dioxide diffuses from the cell to the interstitial fluid and from the interstitial fluid to the capillaries THIS HAPPENS IN OUR BODY

Question 37

What are the steps of external respiration

Answer 37

Pulmonary ventilation Gas diffusion Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 38

External respiration process

Answer 38

Oxygen bounds to hemoglobin and is transported from the lungs to the cells Carbon dioxide is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions from the cell to the lung Reactions are completely reversible

Question 39

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 39

Physical movement of air into and out of the lungs

Question 40

Movement of air

Answer 40

Relationship between intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure determines direction of air flow

Question 41

Boyles law

Answer 41

Pressure and volume has inverse relationship Volume depends on movement of diaphragm and ribs

Question 42

Hyperpnea

Answer 42

Deep quick breathing from exercise or pain

Question 43

Hypercapnea

Answer 43

Releasing a lot of CO2 Increase in partial pressure of CO2

Question 44

External respiration site

Answer 44

Alveoli and capillary

Question 45

Gas exchange site

Answer 45

Alveoli

Question 46

Internal respiration site

Answer 46

Capillary and tissue space

Question 47

Oxygen is bounded with ____

Answer 47

Hemoglobin Transported in one form

Question 48

Carbon dioxide is transported in

Answer 48

Plasma Carbonic acid Carbaminohemoglobin

Question 49

When diaphragm is contracting

Answer 49

Inspiration

Question 50

When diaphragm is relaxed

Answer 50

Expiration

Question 51

When diaphragm is contracting what happens to pressure in chest cavity

Answer 51

Decreases

Question 52

Number of partial pressure of O2 in artery

Answer 52

100

Question 53

Partial pressure of CO2 in artery

Answer 53

40

Question 54

Partial pressure of O2 in alveoli

Answer 54

100

Question 55

Partial pressure of CO2 in alveoli

Answer 55

40

Question 56

Partial pressure of CO2 in tissue spaces

Answer 56

45

Question 57

Partial pressure of O in tissue spaces

Answer 57

40

Question 58

Vocal cords

Answer 58

Produce sound when air passes between them Contain vocal ligaments

Question 59

Vestibular folds

Answer 59

Close larynx during swallowing

Question 60

Glottis

Answer 60

Vocal cords and the opening between them