Respiratory System Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
What is cellular respiration?
A
metabolic process to make ATP
2
Q
What are stomata?
A
pores for gas exchange/respiration in plant leaves
3
Q
cnidaria us ___ of gases
A
simple diffusion
4
Q
Simple diffusion
A
is where molecules travel across a selectively permeable membrane by concentration gradients
5
Q
animals that use simple diffusion have a ___ surface area and almost all cells are in contact with a ___ environment.
A
large, moist
6
Q
annelida use __ as their means of gas exchange?
A
simple diffusion
7
Q
how do earthworms keep their skin moist for simple diffusion?
A
they secrete and coat themselves in mucus
8
Q
arthropoda have __ to transport a small amount of gases
A
hemolymph
9
Q
What are the special structures insects use for respiration?
A
spiracles, which lead to tracheal tubes
10
Q
arachnids have a ___, which leads into their book lungs
A
spiracle
11
Q
gills have a large surface area for the ____ exchange of gases between the blood and water
A
counter current
12
Q
___ is the gas exchange mechanism where fluids flow in different directions for increased diffusion
A
countercurrent exchange
13
Q
___ is the gas exchange mechanism where fluids move in the same directions, which is not as good for diffusion
A
concurrent flow
14
Q
__ creates a stronger diffusion gradient than concurrent exchange
A
countercurrent exchange
15
Q
lungs function based on __ and __ manipulations
A
pressure; volume
16
Q
where are lungs found?
A
thoracic cavity, surrounded by the rib cage
17
Q
Which lung is larger- Why?
A
Right; the left lung needs to make room for the heart
18
Q
How many lobes does the right lung have?
A
3
19
Q
How many lobes doe the left lung have?
A
2
20
Q
Whys the left lung smaller than the right lung?
A
it needs to make room for the heart
21
Q
the __ is a dual layered membrane that covers each lung
A
pleura
22
Q
the __ is the outer layer of the pleura, which contacts the thoracic cavity
A
parietal layer
23
Q
the __ is the inner layer of the pleura, which makes contact with the lungs
A
visceral layer
24
Q
What is the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura?
A
pleural space
intrapleural space
25
the pleural space contains a fluid that is always at a ___ than atmospheric pressure
lower pressure
| known as intrapleural negative pressure
26
the intrapleural negative pressure prevents the lungs from __
collapsing
27
increasing the volume of the __ is responsible for moving air into the lungs
thoracic cavity
28
the __ is a large skeletal muscle at the bottom of the lungs
diaphragm
29
the diaphragm is innervated by the __ nerve
phrenic
30
the diaphragm pulls the lungs downward when it __ during inhalation/inspiration
contracts
31
the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract during ___
inhalation/inspiration
32
the volume __ during inhalation/inspiration
increases
33
pressure __ during inhalation/inspiration
decreases
34
volume and pressure are ___ related
inversely
35
___ decreases the surface tension in the lungs
pulmonary surfactant
36
the __ and __ muscles relax during exhalation/expiration
diaphragm; external intercostal
37
volume decreases during ___
exhalation/expiration
38
___ increases during exhalation/expiration
pressure
39
Which intercostal muscles contract to help with exhalation/expiration?
internal intercostals
| external intercostals contract during inhalation/inspiration
40
at the beginning of inspiration, the intrapleural pressure begins to ___
decline
41
intrapleural pressure is most negative at peak __
inspiration
42
at the beginning of exhalation, the intrapleural pressure begins to __
rise
| become less negative
43
the intrapleural pressure of the lungs is the least negative at peak ___
expiration
44
what is tidal volume?
normal breathing
45
more forceful inhalations allow more air to be inspired than usual (above tidal volume)- what is this volume known as?
inspiratory reserve volume
46
what is the volume of air left in the lungs after a normal tidal exhalation?
functional residual capacity
47
More forceful exhalations allow more air to be expired than usual (below tidal volume)- what is this volume known as?
expiratory reserve volume
48
What is the maximum volume of air that could be expired after maximum inhalation?
vital capacity
49
What is the volume the lungs could theoretically hold?
lung capacity
50
what is the first respiratory structure air contacts when air is inspired
the nasal cavity
51
what is the function of the nasal cavity
warm and moisten incoming air
52
__ cells and ciliated __ cells are found in the nasal cavity
goblet, epithelial
53
what are the columnar cells that secrete mucus to trap debris form inspired air?
Goblet cells
54
which cells move debris that gets trapped in goblet cell mucus?
ciliated epithelial cells
55
the __ is found after the nasal cavity, and it marks the beginning of the throat
pharynx
56
what does the pharynx divide into?
the larynx and esophagus
57
the __ is the structure in the throat that diverts food/air into their appropriate tubes
epiglottis
58
the epiglottis prevents food from entering the __ by covering it during swallowing to divert food/fluid into the ___
larynx; esophagus
59
after the larynx continues onto the upper ___
trachea
60
What are the components o the upper respiratory tract?
nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, the upper trachea
61
the trachea is reinforced by C-shaped __ to prevent collapse
cartilage
62
the trachea is covered in __ cells that filter the air
ciliated epithelial
63
the trachea splits into the __
bronchi
64
bronchi continue to the ___-->___
bronchioles; alveoli
65
type 1 alveolar epithelial cells are responsible for __ of the alveoli
structural support
66
type 2 alveolar epithelial cells are responsible for __ into the alveoli
surfactant secretion
67
what doe the surfactant produced by type 2 alveolar epithelial cells do?
it prevents alveoli from collapsing
68
what are the components of the lower respiratory tract?
trachea; bronchi; bronchioles, alveoli
69
what is the pathway of air int he human respiratory system?
nasal cavity/oral cavity--> pharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> bronchi--> bronchioles--> alveoli
70
air travels from the nose to the lung alveoli for gas exchange in __ respiration
external
71
gas exchange occurs between the blood and body tissues in __ respiration
internal
72
gas exchange occurs due to differences in __
partial pressure
73
__ refers to the pressure entered by 1 gas in a mixture of gases
partial pressure
74
__ of gases does not require energy because molecules move down their concentration gradient
simply diffusion
75
air entering the alveolus has a ___ partial pressure of O2 and a __ partial pressure of CO2
high; low
76
blood arriving at alveolar capillaries has a __ partial pressure of O2 and a __ partial pressure of CO2
low; high
77
erythrocytes (RBC) house millions of __, which carry oxygen
tetrameric hemoglobin polypeptides
78
a __ is a non-protein chemical that assists with a biological chemical reaction
cofactor
79
__ are organic cofactors that assist hemoglobin binding to oxygen
heme groups
80
what are the components of heme cofactors
porphyrin rings with a central ferrous iron atom (Fe2+)
81
heme iron is also known as __ iron
Ferrous (Fe2+)
82
heme iron oxidized to __ can't bind oxygen
ferric iron (Fe3+)
83
heme from broken down hemoglobin forms ___, which is a competent of bilirubin
bile
84
~98% of O2 is transport through the blood as ___
oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
85
~2% of O2 is transported through the blood as __
O2 dissolved in plasma
86
__ has a 200x greater affinity for hemoglobin than O2
carbon monoxide (CO)
87
carbon monoxide (CO) makes ) __ (HbCO), which suffocates cells
carboxyhemoglobin
88
what is it called when hemoglobin is bound to CO2?
carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)
89
how does most carbon dioxide travel in the blood?
as bicarbonate anion (HCO3-)
90
what is the term that describes how binding/unbinding of another even easier?
cooperativity
91
the __ described the % of hemoglobin that is saturated with O2 under various conditions
oxygen dissociation curve
92
hemoglobin binds more tightly to O2 in a __ shifted oxygen dissociation curve, which means it is harder to release O2 to the tissues
left
93
hemoglobin binds more loosely to O2 in a __ shifted oxygen dissociation curve, which means it is easier to release O2 to the tissues
right
94
when is a right-shifted curve important?
anemia; high altitudes; vigorous exercise
95
describe what is means to be anemic:
low levels heme iron (ferrous-Fe2+)
96
high partial pressures of carbon dioxide create __ shifted oxygen dissociation curves
Right
| lower hemoglobin affinity for O2-easier to release O2 to the tissues
97
How do high partial pressures of CO2 create a right-shifted oxygen dissociation curve?
decreases the pH (increases H+) concentration due to the bicarbonate buffering system, which leads to reduced hemoglobin (H+Hb)
98
decreased pH (increased H+ conc.) creates __ shifted oxygen dissociated curves by reducing hemoglobin to H+Hb
right
| lower hemoglobin affinity for O2- easier to release O2 to tissues
99
low partial pressure of carbon dioxide create __ shifted oxygen dissociation curves
left
| higher hemoglobin affinity for O2 -hemoglobin wants to hold onto O2 more tightly
100
reduced hemoglobin (H+Hb) creates __ shifted oxygen dissociation curves
right
| lower hemoglobin affinity for O2 -easier to release O2 to the tissues
101
decreased partial pressures of carbon dioxide lead to left shifted curves because it leads to fewer available __ by the bicarbonate buffering system
H+ (lower H+ conc. --> increased pH)
102
increase pH (decreased H+ conc.) creates __ shifted oxygen dissociation curves
Left
| higher hemoglobin affinity for O2- hemoglobin wants to hold onto O2 more tightly
103
why does an increased pH (decreased H+ conc.) left-shift the oxygen dissociation curve?
not as many H+ are available to displace oxygen from hemoglobin -aka to reduce hemoglobin to H + Hb
104
increased temperature will result in a __ shifted oxygen dissociation curve
right
| higher temperature increases the metabolic rate- aka increases the cellular requirement for oxygen
105
increased temperature --> increased metabolic rate --> increased ___ (metabolic by product), which leads to a __ shifted oxygen dissociation curve
2,3-BPG; right
106
decreased temperature will result in a __ shifted oxygen dissociation curve
left
| lower temperature decreases the metabolic rate- aka decreases the cellular respiration requirement for oxygen
107
decreased temperature --> decreased metabolic rate--> decreased ___ (metabolic by product), which leads to a __ shifted oxygen dissociation curve
2,3-BPG; left
108
fetal hemoglobin shows a __ shifted oxygen dissociation curve to ensure O2 can be acquired from maternal blood
left
| higher hemoglobin affinity for O2- hemoglobin wants to hold onto O2 more tightly
109
why is myoglobin found?
cytosol of cardiac an skeletal muscle cells
110
where does myoglobin obtain O2?
oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
111
myoglobin is a __ peptide with a __ heme cofactor
single; 1
112
why does myoglobin saturate with O2 more quickly than hemoglobin?
it is a single peptide with 1 heme cofactor, so it does not experience cooperativity
113
the oxygen dissociation curve for myoglobin is __
hyperbolic
114
the oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin is __
sigmoidal
115
the __ effect states hemoglobin has decreased affinity for O2 when CO2 is high
Bohr
116
the __ effect says that the deoxygenation of blood increases its ability to carry CO2
Haldane
117
gasses always travel down their __ gradient
pressure
118
how does gas exchange occur at the level of the tissues?
CO2 leaves tissues and enters the RBC; O2 leaves the RBC and enters tissues
119
the __ maintains a pH between 7.2 at the tissues and 7.6 at the lungs
bicarbonate buffering system
120
__ combines CO2 + H2O to form H2CO3
carbonic anhydrase
121
H2CO3 dissociates into __ and H+
HCO3- (bicarbonate)
122
__ can leave a red blood cell, but __ cannot
HCO3- (bicarbonate anion); H+
123
Cl- must diffuse into RBCs to replace HCO3- that leaves to enter the blood plasma- this is known as the __
chloride shift
124
the chloride shift occurs at the __, while the reverse chloride shift occurs at the __
tissues; lungs
125
the __ controls respiration by telling the diaphragm when to contract via signal through the phrenic nerve
medulla oblongata
126
the medulla oblongata contains __ chemoreceptors, which are protected by the __
central; blood brain barrier
127
what is the function of central chemoreceptors?
detect the concentration of CO2 and pH in the cerebrospinal fluid
128
where are peripheral chemoreceptors found?
in bodies surround the aortic arch and carotid arteries
129
what is the function of peripheral chemoreceptors?
detect changes in the concentration of O2, CO2, and H+ in arterial blood
130
CO2 and H+ levels are __ when arterial O2 is __
high; low
131
hypoventilation causes CO2 to accumulate, which decreases the pH (bicarbonate buffering system)- what is this known as?
respiratory acidosis
132
what is the response to respiratory acidosis?
hyperventilation
133
hyperventilation causes CO2 to deplete, which increases the pH (bicarbonate buffering system)- what is this known as?
respiratory alkalosis
134
what is the response to respiratory alkalosis?
hypoventilation
