Respiratory System Flashcards
(40 cards)
1
Q
Main Function of Respiratory System
A
- Air movement. - in and out of lungs
- Exchange of gases (O2 + CO2) between lungs and blood
2
Q
Upper Respiratory System
A
-Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx
3
Q
Lower Respiratory System
A
- Larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
4
Q
Respiratory System is Lined With:
A
- Lined with mucosa (with one exception)
- All have epithelial tissue + CT
- Epithelial tissue for most = ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium (with goblet cells) - Cilia sweep mucous to esophagus where swallowed
- Connective tissue layer of ALL mucosae = lamina propria
5
Q
Nose
A
- Supported by bone + hyaline cartilage
- Nostrils = nares
6
Q
Nasal Cavity
A
- Functions:
1) Airway passage (warm + moisten air)
2) Olfaction
3) Speech (resonance chamber) - Divided by nasal septum
1) Anterior part = hyaline cartilage
2) Posterior Part = Vomer, ethmoid, maxillae, palatine bones - 3 Areas
1) Vestibule
2) Respiratory Area
3) Olfactory Area
7
Q
Vestibule (Nasal Cavity)
A
- Anterior region
- Lined by skin with coarse hairs
8
Q
Respiratory Area (Nasal Cavity)
A
- Posterior region
- mucosa = ciliated pseudostratified epithelium + CT
- Conchae protrude from walls- superior and middle (both part of ethmoid) -inferior (separate bone)
- Inferior to each concha = a nasal meatus (shallow groove)
- Conchae and meatuses cause air turbulence to knock out dust
- Lacrimal duct opens into cavity (just below inferior nasal concha) - tears into nasal cavity
9
Q
Olfactory Area (Nasal Cavity)
A
- Sense of smell
- Roof of Cavity
- Neurons = olfactory receptors
10
Q
Paranasal Sinuses
A
- 8 air-filled spaces in skull
- Paired left and right spaces in: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillae
- Open directly into nasal cavity
- Function:
1) Warm, moisten air
2) Lighten skull - Sinusitis - inflammation of mucous membrane
11
Q
Pharynx (throat)
A
- Skeletal muscle lined by mucous membrane
- 3 Regions:
1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx
3) Laryngopharynx
12
Q
Nasopharynx (Pharynx)
A
- Posterior to nasal cavity
- Air passage only
- Contains:
1) Pharyngeal tonsil
2) Openings:
2 posterior nasal apertures
2 pharyngotympanic (Eustachian) tubes
13
Q
Oropharynx (Pharynx)
A
- Posterior to oral cavity
- Air and food passage
- Stratified squamous epithelium (abrasion)
- From soft palate to epiglottis
- Contains: Palatine tonsils and lingual tonsil
14
Q
Laryngopharynx (Pharynx)
A
- Air and food passage
- Stratified squamous epithelium
- From epiglottis to opening of larynx
15
Q
Larynx (Voice Box)
A
- Air passage only
- Made of 9 cartilages (except epiglottis):
1) Thyroid Cartilage (Unpaired)
2) Cricoid Cartilage (Unpaired)
3) Epiglottis (Unpaired)
4) Arytenoid (Paired) - Don’t need to know the other 2 cartilages
16
Q
Thyroid Cartilage
A
- On anterior wall
- = Adam’s apple
17
Q
Cricoid Cartilage
A
Forms complete ring
18
Q
Epiglottis
A
- Covers glottis during swallowing
- Elastic cartilage
19
Q
Arytenoid
A
- Attaches vocal cords
20
Q
Vocal cords (Larynx)
A
- = 2 paired folds in the mucosa
1) Vestibuler Fold - = false vocal cords
- Superior fold
2) Vocal Fold - = true vocal cords
- Inferior fold
- Produce sound by vibration
21
Q
Glottis (Larynx)
A
- =true vocal cords + opening
- Closes to prevent food + liquid from entering trachea
22
Q
Laryngitis (Larynx)
A
- = inflammation of larynx - can arise from infection, irritation
23
Q
Trachea
A
- Connects larynx to main bronchi
- Anterior to esophagus
- Consists of 20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage
- Open part of C faces esophagus- permits expansion of esophagus
24
Q
Bronchial Tree
A
Look at diagram!!
25
Lungs
- Right and Left separated by mediastinum
- Pleura = serous membrane
Visceral - on surface of lung
Parietal - on inner thoracic wall, superior diaphragm + mediastinum
- Pleura cavity = filled with serous fluid
Prevents friction when lungs move
- Holds lungs to thoracic cavity wall
- Respiratory zone = respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli - O2 enters air (gas exchange occurs mainly in alveoli)
26
Right lung
- 3 lobes
| - Superior, Middle, Inferior
27
Left lung
- 2 lobes
- Superior and inferior
- Has cardiac notch (where heart lies)
28
Respiratory Membrane
- Consists of alveolar walls + surrounding capillaries
- 3 layers = 2 epithelia and their fused basement membranes
1) Wall of alveolus
2) Basement membrane of alveolus + capillary
3) Wall of capillary
29
Wall of Alveolus (Respiratory Membrane)
- Simple epithelium
- Made of 3 cell types:
1) Type I alveolar cells
- Simple squamous
- allows gas diffusion
2) Type II alveolar cells
- Simple cuboidal
- Secrete surfactant - allows lungs to expand with ease
3) Macrophages
- Free-moving across surface of type I cells
- Remove dust + debris
NOTE: alveolar pores allow air movement between alveoli
30
Wall of Capillary (Respiratory Membrane)
- Simple squamous epithelium (=endothelial cell)
31
Blood Supply to Lung
- 2 Routes
1) Pulmonary Circulation = blood to be oxygenated
2) Bronchial Circulation = subdivision of systemic
- Blood to nourish lung tissue
32
Pulmonary Circulation
Right Ventricle - Pulmonary Trunk - Pulmonary Arteries - Capillaries in respiratory portion of lungs - Pulmonary Veins - Left Atrium
33
Bronchial Circulation Info
1) Bronchial arteries
- Arise from aorta (systemic)
- Carry oxygenated blood to tissues (e.g. bronchi) except respiratory zone
2) Returning to heart, blood drains into:
- Bronchial vein (little blood)(to right atrium - systemic)
- OR pulmonary veins (most blood) (to left atrium - pulmonary)
34
Bronchial Circulation Route
Left Ventricle - Aorta - Bronchial Arteries - All lung bronchial tissue (EXCEPT respiratory zone)( this goes to pulmonary veins - left atrium) - bronchial vein - vena cava - right atrium
35
Pulmonary Edema
Accumulation of fluid in the lungs - between cells and within alveoli
36
Tuberculosis (Myobacterium tuberculosis) (TB)
- Thickens respiratory membrane- lung tissue replaced by fibrous CT (scars)
- Decreased lung elasticity and gas exchange area
37
Pulmonary Embolism
Blockage of pulmonary vasculature - due to blood clot, arteriosclerosis, air bubbles in vessels, etc.
38
Pneumothorax
- Entry of air into pleural cavity
| - Causes lung to collapse
39
Emphysema
Alveolar walls break down
- Fewer, larger alveoli
- Decreased surface area for gas exchange
- Decreased elasticity (Hard to breathe) + recoil (less air out on exhalation)
40
Ventilation (Breathing)
- Muscles are all skeletal
1) Inspiration (intake of air)
- Diaphragm + external intercostals contract
2) Expiration (air moves to atmosphere from lungs)
- Diaphragm + external intercostals relax
- Exhaling = passive process
