Respiratory system

Question 1

State the four features of the Upper respiratory system

Answer 1

• Nose
• Nasal cavity
• Sinuses
• Pharynx

Question 2

State the features of the Lower respiratory system

Answer 2

• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchus
• Lungs
• Bronchioles

Question 3

What is meant by a Mucosa

Answer 3

A membrane that secretes mucus.

Question 4

State the functions of the respiratory system

Answer 4

• Provides oxygen to all the body tissues
• removal of carbon dioxide
• Regulates blood pH
• Defence against pathogens
• Produces sound
• Olfaction

Question 5

List three functions of the upper respiratory tract

Answer 5

• Warms and moistens and filters the air
• Olfaction
• resonates sound q

Question 6

List the three functions of the nose

Answer 6

• Warms, moistens and filters the air
• contains receptors for smell
• modifies speech sounds.

Question 7

Define vibrassae

Answer 7

These are hairs at the entrance to the nose which trap large dust particles

Question 8

Define conchae

Answer 8

These are shelf like projections from lateral wall.

They produce turbulence which allows more time to warm and moisten air.

Question 9

Describe the structure of the Mucosa

Answer 9

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithlium with goblet cells.

• Goblet cells produce mucous to trap pathogens
• cilia waft the mucous trapped particles to the pharynx where they can be swallowed.

Question 10

Describe the functions of the larynx

Answer 10

• Maintains an open airway
• prevents food and drink entering lower respiratory tract
• sound production.
• involved in coughing and defaecation.

Question 11

Describe the order of the structures as they would be found for the Lower respiratory tract

Answer 11

• Trachea
• Primary bronchi
• Secondary bronchi
• Tertiary bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Tertiary Bronchioles
• Respiratory bronchioles
• Alveolar ducts
• Alveolar sacs
• Alveoli

Question 12

Trachea structure is..

Answer 12

Contains 15-20 horseshoe shaped cartilages which keep the airways open.

Question 13

Define bronchi

Answer 13

Bronchi are a series of tubes that get smaller in diameter and display other histological changes.

• the amount of cartilage decreases
• the amount of smooth muscle increases
• height of epithelial cells decrease

Question 14

Describe the sructure of the Bronchioles

Answer 14

• No cartilage in bronchioles
• there is smooth muscle to allow constriction and dilation
• Each gives rise to 50-80 terminal bronchioles.

Question 15

Describe the structure of the terminal bronchioles

Answer 15

• Simple columnar epithelium with cilia
• No goblet cells or mucous glands
• clara cells produce surfactant
• each gives rise to 2 more respiratory bronchioles.

Question 16

What is the primary function of the Conchae

Answer 16

• these are shell like/ shelf like projections which create turbulence in the nasal passageway and cause warming of the air.
• Slows the movemement of the air, allowing more time for warming and moistening.

Question 17

Which type of epithelium makes up the mucosal membrane?

Answer 17

Pseudostratified, columnar epithelium with goblet cells that secrete mucus.

Question 18

State the features and functions of Mucosa

Answer 18

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells w
Goblet cells produce mucus
cilia waft the mucus along to the pharynx to be swallowed.

Question 19

What are the functional adaptations of the nose

Answer 19

Rich cappillary network underlies the mucosa.
circulating blood warms the air.
olfactory mucosa

Question 20

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses

Answer 20

These are air filled spaces that drain into the nasal cavity.
They lighten the skull and resonate sound.

Question 21

State the three structural regions of the Pharynx

Answer 21

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Question 22

What is the function of the Pharynx

Answer 22

This forms a communal passageway for the respiratory and Gastrointestinal systems.

Question 23

List three functions of the Larynx

Answer 23

• Maintains an open airway
• Prevents food and drink entering the lower respiratory tract
• Sound production

Question 24

Where anatomically is the Larynx located

Answer 24

At the top of the trachea.

Question 25

What is the larynx made up of

Answer 25

A cartilaginous skeleton | Lined by membranes and moved by muscle

Question 26

State the order of divisions of the lower respiratory tract

Answer 26

- Trachea - Primary Bronchi - Secondary Bronchi - Tertiary Bronchi - Bronchioles - Tertiary Bronchioles - Respiratory bronchioles - Alveolar ducts - Alveolar sacs - Alveoli

Question 27

What follows the tertiary bronchioles

Answer 27

the respiratory bronchioles

Question 28

What is the trachea made from and where does it extend from and to

Answer 28

- Made of 15-20 horseshoe cartilages which keep the airway open - Extends from the larynx to the carina

Question 29

Does the Trachea ever close

Answer 29

No the trachea never closes!! | The 15-20 horse shoe cartilage rings keep the airway open.

Question 30

State the three trends in histological changes observed in the bronchi

Answer 30

1) Amount of cartilage decreases 2) Amount of smooth muscle increases 3) Height of the epithelial cells decrease. 4) diameter decreases, tubes get narrower.

Question 31

State the structural features of the Primary Bronchi

Answer 31

- supply each lung - c shaped cartilages - right bronchi is wider and more vertical than the left

Question 32

State the structural features of the Secondary Bronchi

Answer 32

- Supply lobes of the lung, 3 on the right, 2 on the left | - Plates of cartialage.

Question 33

State the divisions/ strucure of the tertiary bronchi

Answer 33

- Supply segments of the lungs - 10 supplied by right, 8 on the left - plates of cartialge

Question 34

Which type of epithelium lines the bronchus?

Answer 34

- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

Question 35

Bronciole structure? how does it differ to bronchi structure

Answer 35

- contains no cartilage - smooth muscle for constriction and dilation - each gives rise to terminal bronchioles.

Question 36

What is the type of epithelium found in bronchioles

Answer 36

- simple colmunar epithelium with cilia

Question 37

Describe the structure of the bronchioles

Answer 37

- Simple columnar epithelia with cilia - no goblet cells of mucous cells - clara cells produce surfactant - each gives rise to 2 or more respiratory bronchioles.

Question 38

Describe the structure of the respiratory bronchioles

Answer 38

- Simple cuboidal epithelia - Clara cells produce surfactant - No cilia - alveoli extend from the lumen, therefore gaseous exchange occurs here.

Question 39

Describe the structure of the alveoli

Answer 39

Type 1 alveolar cell

Question 40

How is the respiratory tract organised

Answer 40

- organised according to function - according to conductive and respiratory portions. - conductive portion filters, warms and softens the air.

Question 41

What is the function of the conductive region of the respiratory tract

Answer 41

- warms, softens and filters the air | - conducts the air into the lungs

Question 42

What is the function of the respiratory portion of the tract

Answer 42

Conerned with gaseous exchange,

Question 43

Which structures fall into the conductive portion of the tract

Answer 43

``` nose pharynx larynx paranasal sinuses trachea primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles ```

Question 44

Which anatomical structures fall into the respiratory portion of the tract?

Answer 44

- Respiratory bronchioles - Alveolar ducts - Alveolar sacs - Alveoli