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Respiratory System Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

Where do the olfactory receptors’ bipolar neurons synapse?

A

olfactory nerve (CN I)

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2
Q

What is emphysema characterized by?

A

permanent enlargement of alveoli (bulla formation)

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3
Q

Which kinds of white blood cells are present in large numbers in the submucosa of asthmatics?

A

mast cells and eosinophils

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4
Q

What does the nasopharynx connect the middle ear to? What do these do?

A

Eustachian tubes (allows equilibration of air pressure)

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5
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

covers opening of the larynx to protect trachea during swallowing

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6
Q

How do cilia beat synchronously?

A

through metachronal rhythm

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7
Q

What is emphysema initiated by?

A

chronic inhalation of particulate matter

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8
Q

Why does pneumothorax usually remain unilateral?

A

because of separating mediastinum

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9
Q

These diseases are often caused by sharp crystals cannot be phagocytosed that eventually lead to pulmonary fibrosis due to accumulation of silicic acid in the lungs.

A

silicosis and asbestosis

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10
Q

Infections associated with pneumonia can ___ production of pleural fluid (pleurisy).

A

decrease

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11
Q

____ may be the first step on the road to neoplasia.

A

Metaplasia

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12
Q

In asthmatics, the increased respiration and irritation causes mast cells to release what that causes smooth muscle contraction and vasodilation?

A

histamine

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13
Q

____ is caused by chronic obstruction of air flow and destruction of alveolar septa and decreased surface area for gas exchange.

A

Emphysema

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14
Q

What type of epithelium lines the entirety of the upper respiratory tract?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells (respiratory epithelium)

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15
Q

What are the 3 paired cartilages?

A

arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

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16
Q

What are the hairs in the external respiratory tract that trap particulate matter called?

A

sinus hairs

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17
Q

What does the larynx house?

A

both true and false vocal chords

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18
Q

What does the caudal opening of the trachea contain?

A

connective tissue membrane and smooth trachealis muscle

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19
Q

At what level does gas exchange in the respiratory system begin?

A

respiratory bronchioles

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20
Q

Which developmental pharyngeal arches do the larynx and epiglottis develop from? What are the derivations innervated by?

A

4th (superior laryngeal) and 6th (recurrent laryngeal)

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21
Q

What do the Type II pneumocyte secretions do?

A

act as surfactant

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22
Q

If the Heimlich maneuver fails, where would you place a sharp object for an emergency tracheostomy to allow air flow?

A

in the jugular/suprasternal notch

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23
Q

What is fluid within the pleural space called?

A

pleural effusion

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24
Q

The trachea subdivides into which segments?

A

trachea&raquo_space; mainstem bronchi&raquo_space;lobar bronchi&raquo_space; segmental bronchi

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25
Smoking impairs ___, which first lose synchronicity and then die.
cilia
26
Which alveolar cells contain intracytoplasmic granules called lamellar bodies that contain phospholipids?
Type II pneumocytes
27
What are adhesions between visceral and parietal pleura called?
connective tissue tags
28
What muscle and ligament do the true vocal chords contain?
vocalis muscle and vocalis ligament
29
What white blood cell counteracts the effects of histamine?
eosinophils with histaminase
30
The upper respiratory tract contains many glands. What kind are the most prevalent?
seromucous (mixed glands)
31
Bronchitis, asthma and emphysema are collectively referred to as ____.
COPD
32
During ___, intercostal muscles relax and lower ribs, diaphragm relaxes, and the intrathoracic pressure increases.
expiration
33
Why does the replacement of respiratory epithelium with stratified squamous epithelium (metaplasia) leave smoker's with a characteristic "hack?"
because this non-ciliated epithelium may be sturdier, but it is ineffective in mucus removal
34
Where in the bronchi does cartilage and serous glands become absent?
beyond segmental (3') bronchi (starting at the bronchioles)
35
The function of ____ is to control luminal diameter of airways and airflow resistance and take over the support function of cartilage.
alveolar rings
36
What is fluid within the alveoli of lungs called?
pulmonary edema
37
What type of epithelial cells line the nasal cavity?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (mucus-secreting)
38
Why are the hyaline cartilaginous rings located caudally on the trachea?
to allow and facilitate swallowing
39
What developmental layer does the early respiratory system interact with?
mesoderm
40
What are the 3 single laryngeal cartilages?
thyroid, cricoid, epiglottic
41
Embryologically, where does the respiratory tract originate from?
an outgrowth of the GI tract (respiratory diverticulum from esophagus)
42
Almost all of the alveolar surface area is covered by what specialized epithelial cells?
Type I pneumocytes
43
What type of epithelial cells are present in terminal bronchioles?
tall, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
44
How many cartilages does the larynx have?
9 (3 single and 3 paired)
45
What is the upper respiratory system considered due to its lack of air exchange?
anatomical dead space
46
False vocal chords are covered in respiratory epithelium. What epithelial tissue covers true vocal chords and the epiglottis? Why?
stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium; more resistant to abrasion from phonation
47
Where is the esophagus located?
behind the trachea
48
What are the two cell layers of the air-blood barrier?
Type I pneumocyte and the endothelial cell of the capillary
49
What are brush cells and where do you find them?
generalized sensory cells (columnar) with apical microvilli; olfactory epithelium
50
Is the air in the upper respiratory tract (trachea and bronchi) used for gas exhchange?
NO
51
What type of epithelium are pleural cavities lined by?
simple squamous to cuboidal mesothelium (overlays irregular collagenous connective tissue with elastic fibers)
52
Is the pleural space normally a vacuum?
YES - partial to maintain negative intrathoracic pressure
53
What are the alveolar macrophages?
"dust cells" that phagocytose particulate matter and microorganisms
54
____ is initiated by the formation of antigen-antibody complexes on cells membranes and require phagocytosis.
Asthma
55
What is the respiratory epithelium supported by?
lamina propria
56
A greatly increased intrathoracic pressure from a deflated lung is known as ___.
pneumothorax
57
Is there direct drainage of alveoli?
NO - only indirect via interstitium of alveolar septum
58
The larynx and trachea are lined by many ___ glands.
seromucous (mixed)
59
Which type of cells are part of the diffuse enteroendocrine system (secrete GI hormones), are historical remnants of the gut, and are scattered throughout the respiratory tract?
Kulchitsky or K-cells
60
What are the secondary functions of the respiratory tract?
olfaction and phonation
61
What causes the destruction of elastic fibers and structural proteins in emphysema?
release of lysosomal enzymes from neutrophils and macrophages
62
____ is the formation of nodules or tubercles, walled off by inflammatory cells (macrophages and giant cells) and a fibrotic capsule.
Tuberculosis
63
What is asthma caused by?
chronic airway obstruction, inflammation or irritation and exaggerated bronchoconstriction
64
Can Type II pneumocytes differentiate into Type I pneumocytes?
YES
65
Besides phonation, what is another function of vocal chords?
vocal folds protect lower respiratory tract from entry of foreign bodies
66
Muscularis mucosae is prominent in smaller airways of respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts as ____.
alveolar rings
67
Lymphatic obstruction can lead to ____ or ____.
pleural effusion; pulmonary edema
68
Irritation to the upper airways triggers a ___ reflex; irritation to the lower airways triggers a ___ reflex.
sneeze; cough
69
What type of pleura lines the thoracic wall?
parietal
70
What do Clara cells produce? Why is this important?
lipoproteins; its vesicles secrete this primary component of surfactant in airways
71
What are they called sinus hairs?
the hair follicle is surrounded by.a blood-filled sinus
72
What results in the production of the "Adam's apple?"
The enlargement of the larynx and vocal chords at puberty in males
73
What drains the pleural space?
second system of pleural lymphatics within the visceral pleura
74
Respiration is divided into ___ and ___ respiration.
mechanical; cellular
75
Where does the mucociliary ladder move mucus towards?
upwards towards the larynx (to be swallowed)
76
What are the parietal and visceral pleurae separated by?
the pleural space containing lubricating pleural fluid
77
In terminal and respiratory bronchioles, goblet cells are replaced by ___ cells.
Clara
78
What types of cartilage makes up the larynx?
hyaline (mostly) or elastic (arytenoids and epiglottis) cartilage
79
The larynx in innervated by branches from which cranial nerve?
CN X (vagus nerve)
80
This disease was seen in coal miners who inhaled anthracite coal dust.
anthracosis
81
What are the thin, rounded bones in the nasal cavity called?
nasal conchae/turbinates
82
What type of pleura covers the outer surface of the lungs?
visceral
83
The respiratory system is derived from the ____ groove.
laryngotracheal
84
What is located just deep to the mucosal layer in bronchioles?
muscularis mucosae
85
What is the blood supply of alveoli?
capillary network supplied by pulmonary artery
86
Where does the lower respiratory tract begin?
at the larynx
87
What type of epithelium are alveolar ducts and alveoli lined by?
simple squamous epithelium to increase surface area
88
___ respiration is associated with the lungs and functions in gas exchange (O2 and CO2)
Mechanical
89
What are vibrissae?
large sinus hairs (whiskers)
90
Are all bronchi lined by respiratory epithelium containing goblet cells?
YES - and seromucous glands
91
During ___, intercostal muscles contract and raise ribs, the diaphragm contracts, and creates negative pressure in the thorax.
inspiration
92
What is the barrier called that separates the air from the alveoli from the capillaries?
air-blood barrier
93
Which spaces of the upper respiratory tract collectively filter, humidify, and warn inspired air?
paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx
94
Where does the digestive tract intersect with the respiratory system?
at the larynx
95
____ is the fibrosis or thickening of airways.
Bronchitis
96
What are the walls between alveoli called?
alveolar septa
97
Where are false vocal chords located in regards to the true vocal chords?
located superiorly and laterally to true vocal chords
98
How many layers of cells layers is air within the alveolus and capillaries separated by?
2
99
Asbestos inhalation has also been linked to benign and malignant ___.
mesothelioma
100
The primary function of MALT is the secretion of ___ onto mucosal surfaces.
IgA
101
Why does smoking cause an increase in mucus production?
because smoking is both a chemical and thermal insult
102
What are the pores of Kohn?
alveolar pores that are communicating spaces between alveoli
103
What are the two parts the respiratory system is divided into?
lower (lungs, bronchi) and upper (nares, nasal cavity)
104
How are dust cells eliminated from the lungs?
mucociliary ladder
105
When does the respiratory tract begin to develop? Where?
4th week of development; ventral midline of posterior pharynx

Histology (6 decks)

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