Respiratory System-Chapter 24 Flashcards

(54 cards)

1
Q

to maximize the concentration gradient of gases during respiration, the respiratory membrane is _____________

A

highly vascularized

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2
Q

what are some functions of the respiratory system?

A

(1) extensive surface area for gas exchange
(2) move air to and from exchange surface
(3) protect exchange surface from damage
(4) produce vocalization
(5) acutely regulate blood pH-affects volume and blood pressure
(6) metabolize vasoactive substances

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3
Q

external structures include nares (nostrils), cartilage, and nasal bone, overall encloses the nasal vestibule, protected by nasal hairs, opens into nasal cavity, divided by nasal septum

A

nose

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4
Q

the external structures of the nose enclose the ____________

A

nasal vestibule

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5
Q

from the nasal vestibule to the internal nares, has a mucus membrane lining that prevents dessication and microorganism attachment, separated from the oral cavity by the hard and soft palate, have conchae and meatuses

A

nasal cavity

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6
Q

the nasal cavity in divided by the ______________

A

nasal septum

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7
Q

3 bony projections on the inside of the nose, superior, inferior and middle

A

conchae

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8
Q

grooves between the conchae, support mucous membranes, increase surface area and increase turbulence

A

meatuses

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9
Q

air filled sacs within cranial bones, open to nasal cavity, found in the maxillae, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid, lined my mucous membrane, produce mucous, decrease weight of the skull and provide chambers for resonance

A

sinuses

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10
Q

also known as your throat, respiratory and digestive pathways, include the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

A

pharynx

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11
Q

part of the pharynx above the uvula and posterior to internal nares, pseudostratified epithelia for differentiation

A

nasopharynx

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12
Q

part of the pharynx, portion visible in a mirror, stratified squamous for better protection

A

oropharynx

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13
Q

part of pharynx, between epiglottis and esophagus, stratified squamous for better protection

A

laryngopharynx

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14
Q

enlargement superior to trachea (inferior to pharynx), directs the air and food to proper channels, houses vocal cords, made of skeletal muscle and cartilage with elastic tissue

A

larynx

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15
Q

also known as the thyroid cartilage

A

Adam’s Apple

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16
Q

cartilage that supports the epiglottis

A

cricoid cartilage

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17
Q

projects into the pharynx and covers the glottis

A

epiglottis

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18
Q

supporting and anchoring cartilage of the larynx

A

hyaline cartilage

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19
Q

cartilage that allows mobility within the larynx

A

elastic cartilage

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20
Q

play no role in sound production, muscles help close larynx during swallowing

A

vestibular folds

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21
Q

allow for the production of sound, air pushed past the vocal fold creates a vibration, more tension=more pitch, more air flow=more volume, oral cavity, lips, and tongue modify sound

A

vocal folds

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22
Q

respiratory passages have multiple small branches. this allows for an increase in ______________ which allows for better diffusion

23
Q

respiratory passages have multiple small branches. increased resistance and friction occurs because of their small ____________

24
Q

rings of cartilage around respiratory passageways mean that the diameter of the tube cannot be altered. no cartilage around the ____________ allows these structures to be completely plyalbe (change diameter based on _________)

A

bronchioles and pressure

25
made up of pseudostratified columnar epithelium and loose CT, goblet cells produce mucins which increase viscosity and decrease diffusion, ciliated
mucosa layer of conducting system epithelium (has cartilage)
26
areolar CT and mucous glands
submucosa layer of conducting system epithelium (has cartilage)
27
connects larynx with the bronchi, filters and directs the incoming air, cartilaginous rings prevent collapsing, resist changes in lumen diameter, expel debris
trachea
28
divisions of trachea, split at the carina and subdivide into primary, secondary, tertiary and then to bronchioles
bronchi
29
what are the differences between sides of the bronchioles?
the right bronchus is wider, shorter and straighter, divided into 3 secondaries, one secondary for each lobe
30
tertiary bronchi that branch many times (6500 terminal bronchioles), increase in smooth muscle in submucosa, terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory lobules which branch into alveolar ducts
bronchioles
31
bronchodilation is controlled by ___________
the sympathetic nervous system
32
bronchoconstriction is controlled by _____________
the parasympathetic nervous system
33
alveolar ducts lead to alveolar sacs, contain several alveloi (150 million per lung), each associated with a network of capillaries, more elastic fibers that contribute to recoil but not the same source
alveoli
34
simple squamous epithelium for increased diffusion, water lining helps with diffusion, cohesion serves as a major source of recoil
pneumocyte type I cells (alveloar histology)
35
not for gas exchange, secrete pulmonary surfactant (stops H2Os from attracting each other), prevents the collapse of alveoli (think dish detergent)
pneumocyte type II cells (alveolar histology)
36
adjacent walls of alveloi are mutually attached, makes it difficult for alveoli not to do the same thing
interdependence of alveoli
37
in walls of alveoli to connect adjacent alveoli to anastomosing bronchiole
Pores of Kahn
38
apex is superior and base in inferior, hilum is where the vessels and bronchi enter, left side has 2 lobes and right side has 3 lobes, fissures separate, lobes are divided into lobules
lungs
39
the pulmonary pleura is made up of the ___________ pleura and the _________ pleura
parietal and visceral
40
added to thoracic wall
parietal pleura
41
attached to lungs
visceral pleura
42
the pleura cavity is between the two membranes and is a CLOSED SPACE and has a FIXED CONTENT. the overall pressure is _______ compared to the lungs because the space between the pleura increases
lower
43
because the content of the pleural cavity is fixed, there is a relative ______________
negative pressure in the cavity
44
larger pleural space equals
lower pressure
45
smaller lung equals
bigger pleural cavity
46
what are 3 forces that open the alveoli?
(1) pulmonary surfactant (makes the alveolar surface tension smaller) (2) transmural pressure gradient (3) alveolar interdependence
47
what are 2 forces that force the lung to recoil?
(1) alveolar surface tension | (2) elasticity of stretched CT
48
how does breathing work?
volume changes in thoracic cavity which results in a pressure change in the pleural cavity, gas in pulmonary cavity responds, when pressure changes in lungs air flows to equalize the pressure
49
diaphragm, external intercostals and scalene muscles contract (thoracic cavity expands and pleural cavity increases from the lower pressure), the gas wins the battle and makes the lung bigger, lungs expand into the lower pressure area, pressure in the lungs decreases and the air moves into the lungs to equalize the pressure
inspiration
50
passive process where muscles relax, shrinks the thoracic cavity, pressure in pleural cavity increases, loose pressure gradient and lungs recoil (bc of H2o and elastin), pressure in lungs increases and air moves out to equalize the pressure
tidal expiration
51
internal intercostals, external obliques, and abdominal recti muscles contract, further shrinks the thoracic cavity, pressure in pleural cavity increases, lungs are compressed, pressure in lungs increases, air moves out to equalize pressure, encounters resistance which lowers pressure in bronchioles
forced expiration
52
never fully emptying the lungs allows for easier ____________ for the next breath
expansion
53
while taking a blood pressure, lamina flow produces ___________
no sound
54
while taking blood pressure, turbulent flow produces ____________
sound