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Y1 - HPP1 > Respiratory System I > Flashcards

Respiratory System I Flashcards

1
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Mechanism of breathing in and out

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2
Q

Describe gas exchange between lung air spaces and blood

A

Thin membrane
Oxygen in
Co2 out

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3
Q

Transportation of O2 and CO2 via

A

The Bloodstream

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4
Q

Briefly describe the anatomy of the RS

A

Lungs
Upper airways
Respiratory tract

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5
Q

Describe the upper airways

A

Allows air passages in head/neck
Nasal cavity and oral cavity
Pharynx - Muscular tube for food/air

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6
Q

Describe the respiratory tract

A

Larynx (vocal cord) - Glottis (opening to windpipe) and Epiglottis (opening for food/to larynx)
Conducting zone
Respiratory zone - Where GE occurs

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7
Q

Describe structure of conducting zone

A 
Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi 
Brionchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Cartilage and smooth muscle - Supports changes in resistance to air flow
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8
Q

Describe the cartilage of conducting zone and its function

A

C-shape facing the back of the opening to allow food to GI tract

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9
Q

Contractions of smooth muscle adjusts

A

The diameter of the cartilage

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10
Q

Describe difference between tertiary and respiratory bronchioles

A

They’re in different zones (terminal in conducting zone, respiratory in respiratory zone)
Terminal doesn’t have alveolar sacs attached to it
Respiratory does have it attached hence gas exchange can occur

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11
Q

Describe epithelium of conducting zone

A

Composition of epithelium changes from trachea to terminal bronchiole
Has goblet cells and ciliated cells

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12
Q

Describe goblet cells of epithelium in conducting zone and its function

A

In the larynx and trachea - secretes mucus via mucins to protect against pollution particles and bacterial pathogens

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13
Q

Describe ciliated cells of epithelium in conducting zone

Give example related to cilia

A

Throughout epithelium
Cilia propel mucus up to be swallowed/clear airways, goes to GI tract where enzymes break it down

Smokers with smokers cough have reduced cilia

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14
Q

Describe function of conducting zone

A

Provides pathway for air to enter respiratory zone - Hold ‘dead space’ of 150ml
Adjusts air temp - Water vapour inc so no dry throat
Humidifies air

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15
Q

Describe function of ‘dead space’

A

Every wasted breath never reaches alveoli so when exercising, breathe deeper not faster gain more O2

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16
Q

Describe structure of respiratory zone

A

Respiratory bronchioles - terminal bronchiole and alveolar
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli (alveolus)
Alveolar sacs (clustered)

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17
Q

Describe function of respiratory zone

A

Gas exchange between air and blood

Located in respiratory membrane using simple diffusion

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18
Q

Describe the alveolus

A 
300million - Huge SA inc GE
Rich supply of caps
Alveolar pores 
Type I cells
Type II cells
Alveolar macrophages
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19
Q

Function of rich supply of caps in alveolus

A

Forms a sheet over alveoli

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20
Q

What are the alveolar pores in alveolus

A

The space connecting alveolar sac

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21
Q

What are type I cells in alveolus

A

Single layer of epithelial cells overlapping basement membrane (alveolar wall)

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22
Q

What are type II cells in alveolus

A

Secrete surfactants which facilitate alveolar expansion

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23
Q

Function of alveolar macrophages

A

WBCs trap (pollution) particles which aren’t blocked by nose hairs

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24
Q

Describe the respiratory membrane

A

Where GE occurs
Has 3 layers
Thickness of 0.2um

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25
Q

Describe the 3 layers of the respiratory membrane

A 
Alveolar epithelium (has type I cells)
Fused basement membrane
Capillary endothelium
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26
Q

What facilitates GE?

A

Thin respiratory membrane
Large SA (for diffusion)
Lipid solubility of gases (O2/CO2)
Partial pressure gradient between alveoli and caps (through ventilation)

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27
Q

Describe the structure of thoracic cavity

A

Chest wall
Pleura
Pleural sac

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28
Q

Describe the 3 parts of the chest wall

A

Bones - Rib cage, Sternum, Thoracic vertebrae
Muscles - Int/Ext intercoastal muscles
Connective tissue - Cartilage

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29
Q

What is the pleura of the thoracic cavity

A

A membrane made of layer of epithelial cells (split into the visceral and parietal pleura)
Visceral - Attached to lung tissue
Parietal - Attached to chest wall, bones and muscles

30
Q

Describe the pleural sac

A

The interpleural space filled with (15ml) intrapleural fluid between visceral and parietal pleura

31
Q

Why is the fluid sac present?

A

Allows the layers (of pleura) to not separate but allows the movement/flexibility
Eg Separating glass slides when wet/dry

32
Q

Describe function of thoracic cavity

A

Protect lungs

Facilitates ventilation

33
Q

Describe pulmonary pressure at rest

A

Chest wall compressed, lungs stretched

Negative pressure in intrapleural space as its being stretched

34
Q

What ability do the lungs and chest wall have due to their structure?

A

Both elastic so recoil back to original position

35
Q

Describe 3 types of pulmonary pressures

A 
Atmospheric pressure (Patm) - 760mmHg 
Intra-alveolar pressure (Palv) - 0 at rest
Interpleural pressure (Pip)
36
Q

What is pressure gradient?

A

The driving force for ventilation

37
Q

Describe inspiration

A 
Using inspiratory muscles
Diaphragm contracts (moves down)
Ext intercoastal muscles contract (Ribs move up and out)
38
Q

Is inspiration passive or active and why?

A

Active because muscles contract under nerve control

39
Q

Describe expiration

A 
Using expiratory muscles
Int intercoastal muscles contract
Abdominal muscles contract 
Diaphragm relaxes (up)
40
Q

Describe the difference between passive and active expiration

A

Normal expiration is passive as its relaxation of inspiratory muscles
Forceful expiration involves contraction of expiratory muscles (active)

41
Q

Define Boyle’s Law

A

For a given quantity of gas in a container, pressure is inversely related to volume (PV=nRT)

42
Q

What is intra-alveolar dependent on?

A

Quantity of air

Volume of air

43
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

Change jn lung volume that results from given transpulmonary pressure

44
Q

What does lung compliance depend on?

A

Elasticity of lungs (elastic fibres)

Surface tension of fluid lining alveoli (to inc SA)

45
Q

What is the equation to calculate lung compliance

A

Change in volume/Change in (Palv -Pip)

46
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Property of surface of liquid to resist external force - Caused by cohesion of similar molecules

47
Q

What are surfactants?

Describe its function

A

Secreted by type II alveolar cells

Dec surface tension, prevent alveoli collapsing, ease elasticity of lung tissue (eg collagen)

48
Q

Define airway resistance

A

Total resistance of airways

Low resistance = Better airway flow

49
Q

What is airway resistance regulated by?

A

Smooth muscle in bronchiole walls
Extrinsic (neural/hormonal)
Intrinsic (O2 and CO2)
Diseases eg Asthma/COPD

50
Q

What happens to asthmatic people?

A

Have narrow bronchioles so inc resistance, so need double the effort to breathe

51
Q

What are the effects of airway resistance if increased?

A

Same change in volume, bigger change in pressure

Same change in pressure, smaller change in volume

52
Q

What is the equation to calculate air flow?

A

(Patm - Palv)/ Resistance

53
Q

What are the 4 types of lung volumes?

A

Tidal volume (VT)
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Residual volume (RV)

54
Q

What is tidal volume (VT)?

A

Volume of air that moves in/out of lungs during single forced breath (~500ml)

55
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

Max volume of air inspired from end of normal inspiration (~3000ml)

56
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

Max volume of air expired from end of normal expiration (~1000ml)

57
Q

What is residual volume (RV)?

A

Volume of air left in lungs after max expiration (~1200ml)

Note: Can’t measure using spirometry

58
Q

What are the 4 types of lung capacities?

A

Inspiratory capacity (IC)
Vital capacity (VC)
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
Total lung capacity (TLC)

59
Q

What is IC?

A

Max volume of air inspired at end of resting expiration (VT + IRV)

60
Q

What is VC?

A

Max volume of air expired after max inspiration (VT + IRV + ERV)

61
Q

What is FRC?

A

Volume of air left in lungs after tidal expiration (ERV + RV)

62
Q

What is TLC?

A

Volume of air in lungs at end of max inspiration (TLC = VT + IRV + ERV + RV)

63
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

Non exchanging airways

64
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

Total amount of air that flows in/out of respiratory system in a min
(VT x No. of breaths/min)

65
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

Amount of fresh air that reaches alveoli/min (excluding dead space)
(VT x RR) - (DSV x RR)

66
Q

What are the determinants of alveolar?

A

Po2/Pco2 of inspired air (assumed constant)
Minute alveolar ventilation
Rate of O2/CO2 consumption

67
Q

Describe regulation of ventilation

A

Regulation of minute alveolar ventilation (freq/vol of breaths) - Maintain normal po2/co2
Central regulation
Chemoreceptors
Local regulation - Effects po2/co2 on smooth muscles around arteriole/bronchioles

68
Q

Describe central regulation of ventilation

A

Neural control of breathing by motor neurones
Generation of rhythm in brain
Perioheral input to respiratory centres

69
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Detect changes in chemical concentrations

70
Q

What are the 2 different types of chemoreceptors?

A

Central and peripheral

71
Q

Describe central chemoreceptors

A

Neurons in medulla oblongata respond to changes in H+ from CO2 in cerebrospinal fluid around them (not sensitive to Po2)

72
Q

Describe peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Specialised sensory cells in carotid bodies near carotid sinus
Respond to changes in arterial Po2 (when it falls below 60mm/pH)

Y1 - HPP1 (16 decks)

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