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Cardiopulmonary Exam 2 > Respiratory System: Karius & Cole Lecture > Flashcards

Respiratory System: Karius & Cole Lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

Main three components of the respiratory system

A

1) air-conducting portion
2) respiratory portion
3) ventilation portion

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2
Q

Conduction versus respiration

A

conducting components include structures that help deliver air to and from sites of gas exchange

Respiratory portions include those which are involved in actual gas exchange

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3
Q

Conducting elements include

A 
Nasal cavity 
Nasopharynx 
Larynx 
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles 
terminal bronchioles

all in head and neck

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4
Q

Respiratory components include

A

everything from the bronchiole (conducting, terminal, respiratory) s to the alveoli

remember only respiratory bronchiole and alveolus are capable of gas exchange

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5
Q

Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses

Function of the Nasal Cavity

A

warming and moistening the air to trap and slow particles (filtering)

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6
Q

Respiratory portion of nasal cavity histology
cell type
components of epithelia
other features

A

lined by pseduostratified ciliated epithelium which contains goblet cells
supported by a lamina propria containing seromucous glands and a superficial venous plexus

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7
Q

Superficial venous plexus in the nasal cavity: function

A

incoming air is warmed by blood in the venous plexuses

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8
Q

function of seromucous secretions and goblet cells

A

moistens incoming air

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9
Q

function of the conchae

A

create turbulence to help warm and moisten air

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10
Q

Epithelia of the paranasal sinuses

A

lined by a thin pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with a few goblet cells

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11
Q

what do we know about the paranasal sinuses?

A

very little

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12
Q

Respiratory epithelia

A

ciliate pseudostratified columnar epithelium wotj goblet cells

has lamina propia

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13
Q

lamina propria of respiratory tract

A

loose connective tissue containing seromucuous glands, elastic fibers, bone/cartilage, smooth muscle.

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14
Q

Adventitia

A

collagen and elastic fibers

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15
Q

Respiratory epithelium: what cell type predominates?

A

ciliated columnar epithelium
coordinate cilia help move mucous toward pharynx

there are also goblet cells which contain mucins

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16
Q

goblet cells

A

contain hydrophilic glycoproteins called: mucins

hydrated extracellularly to form mucos

cell populations taper off in terminal bronchioles

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17
Q

Three cell types which produce airway mucous

A
  1. Goblet cells
  2. Clara cells in terminal bronchioles
  3. Submucosal cells

they all secrete mucins which are defensive molecules

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18
Q

Mucins

A

defensive molecules secrete by goblets, clara and submucosal cells

includes defensins, lysozyme, and immunoglobulin A

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19
Q

Composition of mucous

A

antimicrobial mucins (defensins, lysozymes, immunoglobulin A)

immunomodulatory molecules (secretoglobulin and cytokines)

protective molecules (trefoil proteins and heregulin)

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20
Q

main components of the mucin raft

A

MUC5AC

MUC5B

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21
Q

normal airway mucous by %

A

97% H20, 3 percent everything else (salts, lipids, proteins, mucins, cellular debris

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22
Q

hydration of mucus: why is this important

A

determines viscosity of mucus AND the elastic properties

two essential aspects of debris removal by cilia

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23
Q

airway mucus consist of two layers

A

a pericillary layer and a mucus layer on top of the pericilliary layer

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24
Q

mucus layer on top of pericilliary layer is predominantly composed of which mucins?

A

MUC5AC and MUC5B

continuously synthesized in order to replenish and carry away particles and bacteria caught by ciliary beating

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25
MUCAC5 produced by
goblet cells
26
MUC5B produced by
mucus glands
27
Basal cells
mitotic cell population of respiratory epithelium on basal lamina but do not extend to lumen
28
neuroendocrine cells: another name for them
cells of kulchitsky on basal lamina but do not extend to lumen
29
Cells of Kulchitsky: cancer type
bronchial carcinoid tumors arise from NE
30
what do cells of kulchitsky do
they secrete neuroendocrine molecules: serotonin, calcitonin, ADH, somatostatin, Adrenocorticotropic hormone and others
31
bronchial carcinoid cells: what becomes of them?
they invade to local LNs and metastasize
32
Smoker's respiratory epithelium
smoking causing conversion of columnar epithelia to stratified squamous cells for additional protection also causes a decrease in cilia and movement of mucous, but weirdly produces more goblet cells which increase mucus secretion
33
smokers melanosis
benign focal pigmentation of oral mucosa, increases with tobacco consumption
34
what cell type behavior do we see in smokers
decrease of ciliated columnar cells replaced by stat. squamous cells, decreased mucous removal but an increase in goblet cells producing more secretions in response to more pollution
35
trachea: from where to where + purpose
from larynx to first branch point L/R bronchi prevents airway from collapsing
36
epithelium lining trachea =
respiratory epithelium, lines most of tract ciliated pseduostratified columnar cells containing goblet cells lamina propria (loose CT with seromucous glands, elastic fibers, bone/cartilage, and smooth muscle)
37
how many full rings does the trachea contain
15-20
38
tracheal rings =
hyaline cartilage
39
beginning of the lumen of trachea outward, name all the layers
mucus membrane --> pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia ---> submucosa layer ---> hyaline cartilage ring --> adventitia
40
layers between the tracheal lumen and the esophagus
fibroelastic ligament and trachealis muscle
41
fibroelastic ligament
prevents overdistention of tracheal lumen into esophagus
42
trachealis muscle
smooth muscle that results in narrowing during cough reflex smaller diameter of trachea increases the velocity of expired air, helps to clear the air passage
43
tracheal cartilage rings break down beginning where
interpulmonary bronchi (I think that's intersegmental) and smooth muscle begins to shift between cartilage plates and mucosa
44
BALT
bronchial associated lymphoid tissue associated with intrapulmonary bronchi
45
sequence of cartilage behavior from trachea to interpulmonary bronchi
trachea (cartilaginous rings) --> primary bronchus (cartilaginous ring) --> secondary bronchus (cartilage plates)
46
what layers does the mucosa contain?
respiratory epithelia, basement membrane, lamina propria
47
irregular plates, rings, islands of cartilage =
supporting cartilages in secondary lobar bronchi =
48
Segmental bronchi:
"tertiary" bronchi have these irregular plates of cartilage, rather than rings
49
Bronchioles: epithelium
respiratory epithelium with decreasing goblet cells at terminal bronchioles, the goblet cells are converted to clara cells at terminal bronchioles, lamina propria is dominated by spiraling layer of muscularis mucosa in terminal bronchioles
50
Terminal bronchioles: lamina propria
becomes dominated by spiraling muscularis mucosa
51
terminal bronchioles: cartialge and glands
disappear at the levels of the bronchioles: only thin layer of adventitia remains in the terminal bronchioles
52
Asthma
reversible bronchoconstriction of smooth muscle bundles encircling bronchiolar lumen mucus hypersecretion by goblet cells all triggered by allergens or autonomic neural factors
53
terminal bronchiole to respiratory bronchiole transition to alveolar duct
(adventitia/muscularis mucosae/respiratory--> simple columnar epithelia) ---> (adventitia/muscularis mucosae/simple cuboidal epithelia+alveolus)-->alveolar duct which does not contain an epithelium
54
Pulmonary Acinus contains what basic components
respiratory bronchiole alveolar duct alveolus alveolar sac
55
Club cells
epithelia cells with dome shaped apical domain lacking cilia represent 80% of the epithelia cell population of the terminal bronchiole produce surfactant
56
alveolar bronchiolization
if airways are damaged, clara cells can migrate to convert into alveolar epithelia cells they engulf airborne toxins and breakdown them down via cytochrome P-450 enzyme
57
cytochrome P-450 enzymes
destruction cells that breakdown toxins coming into airway CYPB1 present in smooth ER
58
what cytochrome enzyme is only present in clara cells
CYPB1
59
CFTR
cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator results from defective Cl channel transport, increasing Na reabsorption bacterial infections results when MUC5AC gets entangled to MUC5B polymers and dehydrated mucus purulent secretions, cough, dyspnea typical
60
what controls airway resistance?
smooth muscle R = (8 * l * viscosity)/(radius^4) smooth muscle changes the R
61
Epithelium (general) from small bronchi to respiratory bronchioles
Small bronchi: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with mucus secreting goblet cells and seromucous glands --------------> Conducting Bronchioles: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells -----> Terminal bronchioles: simple columnar---> ciliated cuboidal with clara cells ----> respiratory bronchioles: low cuboidal ---> squamous type I alveoal epithelial cells
62
what cell produces MUC5AC?
goblet cells
63
what cell produces MUC5B?
submucosal and goblets
64
what two characteristics determine mucous clearance?
low viscosity and elasticity

Cardiopulmonary Exam 2 (8 decks)

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