Respiratory System Pt. 2 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
What are the three types of tuberculosis?
A
Primary, secondary, and disseminated
2
Q
What pathogen is responsible for tuberculosis?
A
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
3
Q
Primary tuberculosis primarily affects what population?
A
Children
4
Q
What are the hard calcified nodules that form in the lung following tuberculosis called?
A
Tubercles
5
Q
What is the term for when a calcified nodule AND calcification of an associated lymph node occurs during TB?
A
Ghon’s complex
6
Q
What type of “cheese-like” necrosis is present in lung tissue with TB?
A
Caseous necrosis
7
Q
Which type of TB often becomes dormant?
A
Primary
8
Q
What type of TB is a reestablishment of an active infection after a period of dormancy?
A
Secondary TB
9
Q
Secondary TB in common among what kind of individuals?
A
Those with suppressed immune systems
10
Q
What type of TB results when the infection spreads throughout the body via blood and lymph?
A
Disseminated TB
11
Q
What was the name given to the wasting of the body from multiple sites seen in disseminated TB?
A
Consumption
12
Q
What is the condition when TB spreads to the spine?
A
Pott’s disease
13
Q
How is TB spread?
A
Respiratory droplets
14
Q
About how much of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
A
1/3
15
Q
Where is TB pandemic?
A
Many parts of the world, especially Africa
16
Q
What percentage of people all over the world develop life threatening cases of TB?
A
10%
17
Q
What is the leading killer of HIV+ individuals?
A
Tuberculosis
18
Q
What group of individuals are at the most risk for developing TB?
A
Immunocompromised
19
Q
What are other risk factors for TB?
A
Diabetes, poor nutrition, stress, crowded living conditions, alcohol and drug abuse, smoking
20
Q
Why is tuberculosis considered a reemerging disease?
A
Due to drug-resistant strains developing (MDR, XDR)
21
Q
Why is TB able to be so drug resistant?
A
Pathogen responsible is mycobacteria which is difficult to treat
22
Q
What noninvasive test is used to identify TB?
A
Tuberculin skin test
23
Q
How can we identify individuals with active TB?
A
Chest X-rays
24
Q
How is TB treated?
A
Combination therapy
25
How can TB be prevented?
Immunization with BCG vaccine where TB is common
26
What is the lay term for pertussis?
Whooping cough
27
What are the four stages of pertussis?
Incubation, catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent
28
What is the causative agent for pertussis?
Bordetella pertussis
29
What phase of pertussis involves a repetitive cough with whoops, vomiting, and exhaustion?
Paroxysmal
30
What phase of pertussis involves no symptoms?
Incubation
31
What phase of pertussis involves rhinorrhea, sneezing, malaise, and fever?
Catarrhal
32
What phase of pertussis involves a diminishing cough with possible secondary complications?
Convalescent
33
Most cases of pertussis involve what population?
Children
34
Why is pertussis highly contagious?
Bacteria spread easily through the air in airborne droplets
35
What kind of a disease is pertussis?
Reemerging
36
What is the characteristic symptoms of pertussis?
Whooping sound in the cough
37
What type of treatment is used for pertussis?
Only supportive treatments, not antibiotics
38
Why aren't antibiotics used for pertussis?
Bacteria is gram negative which means endotoxins like lipid A could be released with cell wall destruction causing even more damage
39
How can pertussis be prevented?
DTaP/TDaP vaccine
40
What is the position of sitting upright and leaning slightly forward called that is used by those with epiglottitis to help them breathe?
Tripod position
41
What is the pathogen responsible for epiglottitis?
Haemophilus influenza B
42
How is epiglottitis transmitted?
Person to person, direct contact, or droplet inhalation
43
Epiglottitis is most common among what population?
Children
44
When does epiglottitis peak?
Spring and fall
45
Is epiglottitis a serious condition?
Medical emergency that requires immediate medial help
46
What is the treatment for epiglottitis?
ICU hospital stay with antibiotics, breathing treatments, IV fluids, and anti-inflammatories to decrease throat swelling
47
How can epiglottitis be prevented?
Hib vaccine
48
Inhalational anthrax symptoms resemble what other condition?
Cold or flu
49
Is inhalational anthrax a serious condition?
Can result in death
50
What is the causative agent of inhalational anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis (endospore forming)
51
How is inhalational anthrax spread?
Contact or inhalation of endospores
52
Can inhalational anthrax be spread from person to person?
NO
53
What is the mortality rate for inhalational anthrax?
100% but early treatment can knock it down to 50%
54
Is inhalational anthrax a common disease?
Rare in humans (but is a bioterrorist threat)
55
What is the mechanism of disease for inhalational anthrax?
Endospores germinate in lungs, secrete toxins that are absorbed by the bloodstream
56
How is inhalational anthrax diagnosed?
Identification of bacteria in sputum
57
Is there a vaccine for inhalational anthrax?
Anthrax vaccine for certain individuals
58
What is another name for the influenza virus?
Orthromyxovirus
59
What pathogen is responsible for influenza?
Influenza virus types A and B
60
What are the two special pieces of proteins seen in influenza viruses type A and B?
Haemagglutinin (Ha) and Neuraminidase (Na)
61
What are the two ways in which Haemagglutinin (Ha) and Neuraminidase (Na) produce new strains?
Antigenic drift, antigenic shift
62
What type of change is occurring when small changes happen to the Ha and Na pieces of the influenza virus resulting in new flu vaccines needing to be formed every year?
Antigenic drift
63
When does the antigenic shift occur altering the influenza virus?
When the viruses jump between animals like birds or pigs
64
What type of change occurs when brand new Ha or Na pieces result of the influenza virus?
Antigenic shift
65
What type of viral change is the reason why influenza pandemics occur?
Antigenic shift (brand new Ha or Na protein pieces)
66
How is influenza transmitted?
Inhalation of viruses or by self-inoculation
67
Flu patients are susceptible to what other conditions?
Secondary bacterial infections
68
What does the influenza virus cause damage to?
Lung epithelium
69
Complications of the flu usually occur among what populations?
Elderly, children, those with chronic diseases
70
What version of the flu is considered an emerging disease?
H1N1 flu
71
When must anti-virals be administered in a flu infection?
Within first 24 hours of infection
72
How can the flu be prevented?
Cough/sneeze in elbow, handwashing
73
What is important to know about the trivalent flu vaccine?
Protective only against the specific strains included in the vaccine of that year
74
Explain the famous 1918 Spanish flu.
Influenza A virus H1N1 type flu resulting in a 2 year pandemic that killed over 50 million people
75
Explain the famous 1957 Asian flu.
Influenza A virus H2N2 type flu resulting from an antigen shift between wild ducks and people that lasted one year and killed about 2 million people
76
Explain the famous 1968 Hong Kong flu.
Started out as 1957 Asian flu then went through antigen shift in 1968 and became H3N2 which was more mild and killed about 1 million people
77
Explain the famous 2003 Bird flu.
H5N1 type A influenza virus in Thailand found in 400 people and killed 200 of them
78
Explain the famous 2009 Swine flu.
H1N1 type A influenza virus that has killed more than 18,000 people (believed to be an ancestor of the 1918 flu pandemic virus), and the pandemic was declared officially over in 2010
79
What is bronchitis?
Infection of the epithelium of the bronchi resulting in inflammation and increased secretion of mucus
80
About 90% of acute bronchitis is caused by what group of pathogens?
Viruses (rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, and influenza)
81
About 10% of acute bronchitis is cause by what group of pathogens?
Bacteria (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis)
82
When does bronchitis usually develop?
During the course of an URI such as the common cold or influenza
83
What is the usual treatment for bronchitis?
Symptomatic: NSAIDs, decongestants, expectorants, antitussives, inhalers, antibiotics if bacterial
84
What is the pathogen responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)?
Coronavirus called SARS virus
85
How is SARS virus spread?
Respiratory droplets
86
What is the mortality rate for SARS?
10%
87
What is the treatment/prevention for SARS?
There are none (supportive treatment only) but prevention by quarantine and face masks possible
88
What are some significant symptoms of respiratory syncytial virus infection?
Bluish skin, intercostal retractions, nasal flaring, rapid breathing
89
What severe and fatal infection can result from respiratory syncytial virus infection?
Bronchiolitis
90
What pathogen is responsible for respiratory syncytial virus infection?
RSV: respiratory syncytial virus (Pneumovirus)
91
What is believed to be the most common childhood lower respiratory infection?
Respiratory syncytial virus infection
92
How is respiratory syncytial virus infection diagnosed?
Immunoassay
93
What is the treatment for severe bronchiolitis?
Supportive therapy for young children, including oxygen therapy
94
Is Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) dangerous?
Often fatal
95
What is the pathogen responsible for Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)?
Hantavirus
96
How is Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome transmitted?
From mice via inhalation of virions in dried mouse urine or feces
97
Is Hantavrius pulmonary syndrome transmitted via humans?
NO
98
What is the treatment for Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)?
No specific treatment
99
How can Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome be prevented?
Control of rodents
100
What is croup?
Inflammation of larynx, trachea, and bronchi
101
What kind of cough is associated with croup?
"Seal-bark"
102
When do most patients recover from croup?
Within 2 days
103
What is the cause of croup most of the time?
Parainfluenza virus (75% of cases)
104
What else can cause croup besides the parainfluenza virus?
RSV, measles, adenovirus, and influenza
105
What group of people are particularly susceptible to croup?
Children (usually between 3 months and 5 years of age)
106
How is croup transmitted?
Respiratory droplets and person-to-person contact
