Respiratory System Review

Question 1

Cellular Respiration

Answer 1

• process by which energy stored in the chemical bonds of food (glucose) is released and converted into a more usable form (ATP)
o uses glucose and O2 to make ATP
o produces CO2 and H2O as wastes
• summary of the reaction in symbols:
o C6H12O6 + 6O2->6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP
• in words:
o Glucose + Oxygen-> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP

Question 2

Respiratory System

Answer 2

• functions: gas exchange: takes in O2 and excretes/removes CO2 and H2O
• main structures: pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs

Question 3

Pathway of Air

Answer 3

1. Nasal Cavity (nose)
2. Pharynx (throat)
3. Epiglottis (keeps food/drinks out)
4. Larynx (vocal cords)
5. Trachea (wind pipe)
6. Bronchi (split to left and right lungs) 7. Bronchioles (smaller branches)
7. Alveoli (tiny air sacs)

Question 4

Nasal Cavity

Answer 4

• air enters this opening through nose where it is filtered, moistened, and warmed before going deeper into the respiratory passages

Question 5

Pharynx

Answer 5

• throat; shared passage for air, food, and drink

Question 6

Epiglottis

Answer 6

• this flap closes when you swallow and keeps food/drink out of trachea

Question 7

Larynx

Answer 7

• voice box; vocal cords vibrate as air passes to make sound

Question 8

Trachea

Answer 8

• wind pipe; rings of cartilage keep this airway open at all times

Question 9

Bronchi

Answer 9

• the trachea splits into these 2 tubes, each leading to a lung; rings of cartilage keep them open; surrounded by smooth muscle

Question 10

Bronchioles

Answer 10

• smaller branches off the bronchi surrounded by smooth muscle

Question 11

Alveoli

Answer 11

• tiny air sacs (1 cell thick) at the ends of bronchioles; surrounded by capillaries for gas exchange (O2 and CO2 diffusion); functional subunit of the respiratory system

Question 12

Diaphragm

Answer 12

• breathing muscle located beneath the lungs
• contracts and moves down to inhale
• relaxes and comes up to exhale

Question 13

Inhale (verb) Inhalation (noun)

Answer 13

• Breathing in
• Diaphragm contracts, moving down
• Rib cage rises
• Chest cavity expands
• Air pressure is lower inside the
chest cavity making air rush in from outside

Question 14

Exhale (verb) Exhalation (noun)

Answer 14

• Breathing out
• Diaphragm relaxes, moving up
• Rib cage falls
• Chest cavity contracts (gets smaller)
• Air pressure is higher inside the
chest cavity making air rush out of the body

Question 15

Mucous Membrane

Answer 15

• layer of cells lining the nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi
• covered in microscopic cilia and has special cells that secrete mucus
• filter and moisten air as it passed to
prevent foreign particles from getting into the lungs

Question 16

Mucus

Answer 16

• clear slippery fluid secreted by special cells lining the respiratory passages
• trap foreign particles that are inhaled

Question 17

Cilia

Answer 17

• tiny hair-like structures lining the nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi wave rhythmically upward toward throat and nose where foreign material can be swallowed or expelled by coughing or sneezing
• smoking interferes with ciliary action in the trachea

Question 18

Cartilaginous Rings

Answer 18

• ring of cartilage surrounds the trachea and bronchi to strengthen and support these structures and keep the airway open

Question 19

Diffusion

Answer 19

• The movement of dissolved substances across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
• Examples of substances that can move across a membrane this way include glucose (simple sugars), carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and oxygen (O2)
• This is a form of Passive Transport; it does not require energy/ATP
• Starch cannot diffuse across a cell membrane because it is too big; it must be digested into simple sugars (glucose) first
• Proteins cannot diffuse across a cell membrane because they are too big; they must be digested into amino acids first

Question 20

Gas Exchange

Answer 20

• the replacement of oxygen (which is being used up during cellular respiration) and removal of carbon dioxide (which is being produced as a byproduct during cellular respiration)
• occurs by simple diffusion across cell membranes
• in animals…
o oxygen is breathed in from the atmosphere via the respiratory system and then diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries of the circulatory system where it is picked up by red blood cells that transport it to all of the cells of the body
o thecapillariesofthecirculatory system also pick up the carbon dioxide that is diffusing out of the cells and transports it back to the respiratory system where it released back into the atmosphere from the capillaries to the alveoli (excretion)

Question 21

Asthma

Answer 21

• a type of allergic reaction that results in the constriction of the bronchial tubes
• interfering with the passage of air into and out of the lungs
• results in coughing and wheezing

Question 22

Emphysema

Answer 22

• Enlargement and degeneration of alveoli leads to decreased lung capacity

Question 23

Bronchitis

Answer 23

• Bronchi become inflamed and clogged with mucus
• Can be the result of an infection (like the viruses that cause colds and the flu)
• Can become a chronic issue as the results of smoking