Respiratory System - Wet Room St. 5 and 6 Flashcards
What plane does the trachea bifurcate in?
- Medial
What rib level is the inferior border of the lung at in the mid clavicular line, the mid axillary and the mid scapular?
Midclavicular = 6
Midaxillary = 8
Midscapular = 10
What rib level is the inferior border of the pleura at in the midclavicular line, midaxillary and midscapular?
Midclavicular = 8
Midaxillary = 10
Midscapular = 12
What structure causes the notch on the left lung between the 4th and 6th rib and what is the notch called?
- The heart
- Cardiac notch
What ribs does the oblique fissure follow the course of?
- Starts at rib 3 in the back
- Ends at rib 6 in the front
What rib does the horizontal fissure lie at?
- Starts at the level of the 5th rib in the midclavicular line
- Ends at the sternum at the 4th rib
What vertebral level does the lung extend from and to posteriorly?
- C7
- T10
What is the order of the histology of the extrapulmonary tubes?
- Mucosa
> Submucosa
> Cartilage
> Adventitia
What 2 layers does the mucosa consist of?
- Epithelium
- Thin loose connective tissue
What is the name of the thin loose connective tissue in the mucosa?
- Lamina Propria
What type of cartilage is found in the respiratory system?
Hyaline cartilage
What type of connective tissue predominates the respiratory tract (collagen, reticulin or elastin)?
Elastin
What type of muscle is found in the respiratory tract?
Smooth
What are the two cell types found in the epithelial layer?
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- Goblet cells
How do you differentiate the trachea and oesophagus in histology?
- Oesophagus has folded mucosa
- Thyroid gland surrounding trachea
- Posterior trachealis muscle
- C shaped cartilage on trachea
- Wide patent tube of trachea compared to narrower oesophagus
What is the function of the trachealis muscle?
- Join together the posterior and c shaped cartilage
How do the structures of the trachea and the main bronchi differ?
Bronchus hyaline cartilage broken up into “plates”
Otherwise very similar structure
Describe the changes in structure of the airway walls moving from trachea to alveoli
- Epithelium gets smaller to eventually become simple squamous
Study this to see how you can tell the bronchi apart from arteries, veins and alveoli
LOOK FOR CARILAGE
Arteries will be surrounded by muscle and elastic fibres
Close inspection may show goblet and mucous cells
Cilia
What can be an indication of terminal bronchioles?
- No cartilage
- No glands
- Some smooth muscle and cilia present
- Connected to very thin walled respiratory bronchioles
What is being shown here?
Alveoli
What cells will be present in an alveoli and what is the function of each?
- Type 1 - gas exchange
- Type 2 - surfactant production
- Macrophages - immune surveillance
