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Flashcards in Respiratory Tract Infections Deck (16)
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1
Q

What are the frequent aetiological agents of the common cold? Is a laboratory diagnosis required? What is the treatment?

A
  • rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus, RSV, enterovirus, coronavirus, HMPV
  • lab diagnosis unnecessary
  • specific treatment unavailable
2
Q

What are the frequent aetiological agents of pharyngitis/tonsillitis with nasal involvement? Is a laboratory diagnosis required? What is the treatment?

A
  • adenovirus, enterovirus, parainfluenza, influenza
    • if nasal involvement much less likely to be a bacterial cause
  • lab diagnosis if possible
  • treatment if bacterial only
3
Q

What are the frequent aetiological agents of pharyngitis/tonsillitis with no nasal involvement?

A
  • adenovirus, influenza, enterovirus, streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus groups C and G
  • 10-20% caused by bacteria –> need to treat strep with antibiotics
    • if there is a rash much more likely to be bacteria
4
Q

What are the frequent aetiological agents of sinusitis? Is a laboratory diagnosis required? What is the treatment?

A
  • primary: viral (part of common cold)
  • secondary: haemophilis influenzae, strep pneumonia
    • common cold virus can spread along the respiratory epithelium –> actue sinusitis
  • -> once the epithelial cells are damaged become much more sensitive to secondary
  • lab diagnosis rarely necessary
  • treatment if bacterial and severe
5
Q

What are the frequent aetiological agents of otitis media? Is a laboratory diagnosis required? What is the treatment?

A
  • pneumococci, haemophilis influenzae, M. catarrhalis
  • viral infection doesn’t produce enough symptoms to cause child to seek medical attention
  • lab diagnosis rarely necessary
  • treatment if
6
Q

What are the frequent aetiological agents of epiglottitis? Is a laboratory diagnosis required? What is the treatment?

A
  • haemophilis influenzae type b
    • this is very rare in countries that have vaccine
  • lab diagnosis whenever possible (x-ray and blood culture, DO NOT TOUCH)
  • treatment essential
7
Q

What are the frequent aetiological agents of croup? Is a laboratory diagnosis required? What is the treatment?

A
  • parainfluenza virus, influenza, RSV
  • lab diagnosis rarely necessary
  • no specific treatment
8
Q

Which bacteria remains 100% susceptible to penicillin G?

A

Group A strep

9
Q

What are the frequent aetiological agents of acute bronchitis?

A
  • usually part of viral URTI
10
Q

What are the frequent aetiological agents of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis?

A
  • pneumococci and haemophilis influenzae
11
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

Part of COPD, defined by how much sputum on how many days of the year
- can undergo acute exacerbations - bacterial infection with more purulent/bloody sputum than they had chronically

12
Q

What are the frequent aetiological agents of bronchiolitis?

A
  • RSV
13
Q

What are the frequent aetiological agents of lung abscess?

A
  • mixed anaerobes, staph, klebsiella

* * staph when the pneumonia resolves but there is some left in lung abscess

14
Q

What are the frequent aetiological agents of empyema?

A
  • staph aureus, secondary to pneumonia

* pus in the pleural space

15
Q

What are the signs, symptoms and most common aetiological agents of acute bacterial pneumonia?

A
  • chest pain, cough (may be productive of sputum w/ pus and blood), dyspnoea, shadows indicating consolidation on CXR, fever
  • 7-10 days duration, tends to be lobar
  • pneumococci, h. influenzae, staph, klebsiella
    • almost always caused by pneumococcus except in hospitals
16
Q

What is needed for a laboratory diagnosis of pneumonia?

A

Properly collected sputum sample

  • good cough from deep in the lungs, better to collect in the morning
  • transtracheal aspirate (must have polymorphs)