Respiratory tract Infections and Pulmonary Vascular Disorders

Question 0

Risk factors of Puneumonia

Answer 0

Age
Immune compromised
Immobilization
Smoking

Question 1

Name 2 respiratory tract infections.

Answer 1

1. Pneumonia

2. TB

Question 2

Types of pneumonia

Answer 2

1. Community acquired-streptococcus pnuemoniae
2. Hospital acquired (nosocomial) staphylococcus aureus
3. Viral

Question 3

Pathophysiology of pneumonia

Answer 3

1. inhalation of organism
   2 massive inflammatory response
2. damage to bronchi and alveoli 4.accumulation of exudate

Question 4

Manifestations of pneumonia

Answer 4

Fever chills cough pain dyspnea

Question 5

What is tuberculosis caused by

Answer 5

Mycobacterium TB

Question 6

Is tuberculosis highly contagious

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

What are risk factors of TB

Answer 7

Crowded institutions 
Emigration
homelessness 
substance-abuse 
lack of access to medical care

Question 8

What is the pathophysiology of tuberculosis

Answer 8

1. Bacilli enter a lung; local area of inflammation
2. immune cells form a tubercle
3. Caseous necrosis inside the tubercle
4. scar tissue around the tubercle

Question 9

Clinical manifestations of tuberculosis

Answer 9

Fatigue 
weight-loss 
anorexia 
low-grade fever 
productive cough 
night sweats 
anxiety

Question 10

What is pulmonary embolus or PE

Answer 10

Occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by an embolus

Question 11

What causes PE

Answer 11

Most common a blood clot
tissue fragment
lipid
or air bubble

Question 12

What does PE commonly arise from?

Answer 12

Deep veins in the thigh

Question 13

Risk factors of pulmonary embolus

Answer 13

Virchow’s triad

Question 14

What is Virchow’s Triad

Answer 14

1. Alterations and bloodflow
2. Injury to the vascular endothelial
3. alterations and blood constitution

Question 15

Manifestations of pulmonary embolus

Answer 15

Sudden chest pain
dyspnea
tachypnea
anxiety

Question 16

Name 3 Pulmonary Vascular Disorders

Answer 16

1. PE - pulmonary embolus
2. Pulmonary hypertension
3. Cor pulmonale “pulmonary heart disease”

Question 17

What is pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 17

1. Abnormally high pressures in the pulmonary artery system

2. most commonly related to vasoconstriction of the pulmonary arteries

Question 18

Causes of pulmonary hypertension

Answer 18

Idiopathic
hypoxia
lung disease
heart disease

Question 19

Manifestations of pulmonary hypertension

Answer 19

Typically not until later stages of disease 
fatigue 
chest discomfort 
tachypnea 
dyspnea

Question 20

What is Cor pulmonale aka pulmonary heart disease

Answer 20

Right-sided heart failure caused by pulmonary hypertension

Question 21

Pathophysiology of cor pulmonale

Answer 21

1. Pulmonary hypertension increases the hearts workload
2. to compensate the right ventricle has to work harder
3. this results in hypertrophy of the right ventricle of the heart

Question 22

Early Clinical manifestations of cor pulmonale

Answer 22

dyspnea
fatigue
cough
weakness

Question 23

Progressive clinical manifestations of core Pomino

Answer 23

Edema
distended jugular veins 
acites 
tachycardia 
headache 
flushed face