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BMSC 208 > Respitaory > Flashcards

Respitaory Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood
  2. Homeostatic regulation of body pH
  3. Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
  4. Vocalization
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2
Q

How does air exchange happen?

A

Through bulk flow

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3
Q

What are the 2 different types of respiration?

A
  1. Cellular Respiration
  2. External Respiration
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4
Q

Define external respiration.

A

The movement of gases between the environment and the cells within the body

Requires the coordination between the Respiratory and Cardiovascular system.

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5
Q

What structures are involved in ventilation and gas exchange?

A
  1. Conducting system or airways
  2. Alveoli
  3. The bones and muscles of the thorax (chest cavity)
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6
Q

What do the upper airways contain?

A
  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
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7
Q

What are the lungs composed of?

A

Light spongy tissue, filled with air-filled spaces

Right lung is slightly bigger than left.

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8
Q

What is the pleural sac?

A

A double-walled, closed sac that separates each lung from the thoracic wall.

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9
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pleural sac?

A

Parietal and visceral pleura.

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10
Q

What are the functions of the pleural sac?

A
  1. Creates a moist slippery surface
  2. Holds lungs tight to thoracic wall
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11
Q

Where does air enter the body?

A

Nasal cavity (mouth) -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea (windpipe)

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12
Q

What is the structure of the trachea?

A

A semi-flexible tube held open with 15-20 cartilage rings.

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13
Q

Does the trachea follow the similar branching of the cardiovascular system?

A

Yes, it increases in total cross-sectional area.

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14
Q

What are the functions of the upper airways and bronchi?

A
  1. Warming air to body temperature
  2. Adding water vapor
  3. Filtering out foreign material
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15
Q

What does the upper airway and bronchi do for the body?

A

Plays an important role in conditioning the air before reaching the alveoli.

These processes are more efficient with nose breathing.

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16
Q

Where is air filtered?

A

In the trachea and bronchi.

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17
Q

What produces mucus?

A

Secretes mucus.

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18
Q

How and where is the saline produced?

A

By the epithelial cells, and over top of the saline is a layer of mucus.

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19
Q

Why is mucus important?

A

It contains immunoglobulins.

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20
Q

Explain the mucociliary escalator.

A

A key defense mechanism that helps remove inhaled particles, microorganisms, and mucus.

The cilia transport the mucus from the lower respiratory tract up to the pharynx.

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21
Q

What is the CFTR channel?

A

Regulates chloride ion transport.

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22
Q

Explain cystic fibrosis.

A

Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in a gene that codes for a faulty transport protein; CFTR causes mucus to build up in lungs and pancreas.

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23
Q

What are alveoli considered?

A

Gas exchange sites that are heavily vascularized and have a huge surface area optimal for gas exchange.

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of alveolar structures?

A

Type 1 = Cell for gas exchange
Type 2 = Surfactant cell

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25
What is pulmonary circulation?
Flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. ## Footnote High flow, low pressure system.
26
What is Dalton's law?
Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressure exerted by each gas.
27
What is the equation for bulk flow?
F = P/R
28
Describe Boyle's law.
Describes pressure-volume relationships: P1V1 = P2V2.
29
If we breathe in, what happens to volume and pressure?
Volume goes up; pressure decreases.
30
If we breathe out, what happens to volume and pressure?
Volume decreases; pressure increases.
31
What does a single respiratory cycle consist of?
A single inspiration followed by an expiration.
32
What is the amount of air that enters or exits the lungs during quiet respiration?
Tidal Volume = ~500ml.
33
What is total pulmonary ventilation?
Ventilation rate x tidal volume.
34
What is the inspiration reserve volume?
Additional air that could still be inspired after quiet inspiration: ~3000ml.
35
What is the expiratory reserve volume?
Air that still remains after IRV: ~1100ml.
36
Why is residual volume important?
1. Prevents the lungs from collapsing at very low lung volumes. 2. Allows for continuous exchange of gases.
37
What are the 4 primary volumes that don't overlap?
1. Tidal Volume 2. Inspiration Reserve Volume 3. Expiratory Reserve Volume 4. Residual Volume
38
What does the total lung capacity include?
Inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume.
39
What does the functional residual capacity include?
Expiratory reserve volume and residual volume.
40
What does the inspiration capacity include?
Inspiratory reserve volume and tidal volume.
41
What is the vital capacity?
Sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
42
What is the pulmonary function test (PFT)?
Testing an individual’s forced vital capacity and comparing it to their forced expired volume in one second.
43
What does a low FVC indicate?
Restrictive pulmonary disease (decrease in lung compliance).
44
What happens if the FEV1 is lower than 80 percent?
Obstructive pulmonary disease (increased resistance).
45
How do we increase volume in the lungs?
Using the inspiration muscles.
46
During inspiration, what movements do we see?
1. Movement of the ribcage = 25-40% 2. External intercostals 3. Upper ribs + Scalenes 4. Lower ribs = 'Bucket handle'
47
During expiration, what movements do we see?
Scalene and external intercostals relax.
48
What muscles are involved in forced inspiration?
1. Sternocleidomastoids 2. Neck and back muscles 3. Upper respiratory tract muscles.
49
What muscles are involved in forced expiration?
1. Abdominal muscles 2. Internal intercostals and triangularis sterni 3. Neck and back muscles.
50
How do we create a negative atmosphere for the lung?
Inspiratory muscles pull the parietal layer of pleura away from the visceral layer.
51
Explain inspiration step by step.
1. Diaphragm and inspiratory intercostals contract 2. Thorax expands 3. Interpleural pressure becomes sub-atmospheric 4. Lungs expand 5. Alveoli pressure becomes sub-atmospheric 6. Air flows into alveoli.
52
Explain expiration step by step.
1. Diaphragm and inspiratory intercostals stop contracting 2. Chest wall recoils inward 3. Pip moves back toward pre-inspiration value 4. Lungs recoil toward pre-inspiration size 5. Air in alveoli becomes compressed 6. Palv becomes greater than Patm 7. Air flows out of lungs.
53
Explain collapsed lung (Pneumothorax).
An interruption in intrapleural pressure.
54
What is lung compliance?
The degree of lung expansion at any time is proportional to the change in pressure.
55
What does compliance depend on?
Stretchability of the lungs.
56
What is the opposite of compliance?
Lung elastance (elastic recoil).
57
What is pulmonary fibrosis?
Excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in the lung.
58
What is emphysema?
Proteolytic enzymes created by leukocytes attack the alveolar tissue.
59
What helps the elastic recoil of the lungs?
Surface tension in healthy lungs.
60
What is surfactant?
A detergent-like complex that reduces surface tension and helps keep the alveoli from collapsing.
61
What is infant respiratory distress syndrome?
When a baby is born early and hasn't started producing surfactant yet.
62
What are the prevention/treatment methods of infant respiratory distress syndrome?
Prevention: glucocorticoids injection; Treatment: artificial surfactant, continuous positive airway pressure, intubate.
63
Where does 90 percent of the air resistance occur?
In the trachea and bronchi.

BMSC 208 (2 decks)

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