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6. Responses to stimuli > responses to stimuli booklet > Flashcards

responses to stimuli booklet Flashcards

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1
Q

stimulus

A

a detectable change in the internal or external environment

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2
Q

response

A

a change in behaviour or physiology as a result of detecting stimulus

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3
Q

receptor

A

stimuli are detected by receptors

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4
Q

effector

A

responses are carried out by effectors. Responses and effectors are linked to a co-ordinator to ensure the correct response is initiated.

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5
Q

What order do these go in?
receptor
stimulus
co ordinator
effector
response

A

stimulus, receptor, co-ordinator, effector, response

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6
Q

What is the basic purpose of a response?

A

-increase chance of survival
- selective pressure favours individuals that respond effectively.
- Greater chance of passing alleles concerned with detecting stimuli/ responding effectively to the next generation

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7
Q

Benefit of innate responses

A

dont need someone to teach it to you

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8
Q

Benefit of learned responses

A

some are important for survival

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9
Q

taxis definition (innate response)

A

A directional response. Direction is deturmined by the orientation of the stimulus.

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10
Q

What is positive aerotaxis

A

moving to higher oxygen levels, is common in aerobic bacteria

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11
Q

What are examples of taxis

A

phototaxis, chemotaxis, gravitotaxis

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12
Q

Kinesis definition

A

Non directional response- stimulus results in an increase in speed and rate of directional change. e.g. flatworms response to increase in light is designed to return them to somewhere darker to increase their chances of survival.

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13
Q

tropism definition

A

directional response to stimuli, achieved through plant growth

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14
Q

Benefit of phototropism to the plant

A

stem- ensures maximum light hits chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
roots- provides anchoring, roots remain below ground most likely to encounter water.

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15
Q

benefits of gravotropism to the plant

A

ensures the germinating seed that is underground (no light) is able to grow the emerging roots and shoots in the correct direction

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16
Q

benefits of hydrotropism to the plant

A

ensures they have enough water for photosynthesis and support

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17
Q

what are tropisms controlled by

A

plant growth factors similar to hormones. target cells have complimentary recepters that the gf binds to and it effects the behaviour of the cell

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18
Q

where in the plant dows growth and expandature occur

A

roots, shoots

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19
Q

steps of the events that result in stem elongation due to the presence of IAA (one of the auxins)

A
  1. Auxin IAA is produced at the apex
  2. travel to elongation zone by diffusion/ active transport
  3. Increase action of ATPase in plant cell wall which promotes the active transport of hydrogen ions into cells.
  4. pH drops and provides optimum environment for expansions (wall loosening enzymes)
  5. Expansions break bonds within the cellulose cell walls and hydrogen ions disrupt hydrogen bonds causing the walls to become less rigid.
  6. Plant cells take in water and cells expand.
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20
Q

How does IAA distribution regulates phototropism

A

IAA equally distributed on each side- plant growth straight up
IAA moves to the shady side of the stem- plant grows towards the light

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21
Q

What happens to plant response to light if the apex tip is covered

A

The plant grows straight up as the apex tip of a shoot is required for a response to light

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22
Q

What happens to plant response to light if the apex tip is covered with a transparent lid

A

Auxins are exposed to light so they undergo positive phototropism.

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23
Q

What happens to plant response to light if the tip is separated by mica (impermeable block)

A

If tip is separated from elongation zone by an impermeable barrier there is no response

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24
Q

what is gravitropism

A
  • directional response to gravity
  • IAA accumilates on the lower side of roots and shoots due to gravity
  • shoots- IAA causes cell elongation and shoots curve upwards
    -roots- IAA inhibits elongation and roots curve downwards
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25
Direction of growth in roots and stems due to gravitropism
root- downwards stem- upwards
26
central Nervous system organisation
cns, brain, spinal chord
27
Peripheral nervous system organisation
Peripheral nervous system, sensory nervous system OR Peripheral nervous system, motor nervous system, voluntary nervous system OR Peripheral nervous system, motor nervous system, autonomic nervous system, sympathetic or parasympathetic
28
what are the features of a reflex response
responses to environmental change that do not require processing in the brain
29
what neurones are involeved in reflex responses
sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone
30
describe the knee jerk reflex
-spinal reflex passes through the spine and not the brain - muscle spindles/ stretch detectors detect stimulus/ unexpected increased muscle length - response is contradiction of the same muscle (reflex arc) - allows to maintain balence
31
Advantages of reflex arcs
- fast- only 2-3 neurones - no processing time required - do not have to be learned - minamises damage and increases chance of survival - can be overridden if necessary - brain doesnt get overloaded with too many stimuli
32
What are sensory receptors
energy transducers- convert energy into different forms e.g. generator potential
33
stimulus and energy change of light sensitive cells (rods and cones) in retina
stimulus- light intensity energy change- light to electrical
34
stimulus and energy change of temperature receptors in skin and hypothalamus
stimulus- temperature energy change- heat to electrical
35
stimulus and energy change of vibration receptors in cochlea/ ear
stimulus- vibration energy change- sound to mechanical to electical
36
stimulus and energy change of hair cells in inner ear
stimulus- movement of fluid energy change- mechanical to electrical
37
stimulus and energy change of muscle spindles (skeletal muscles)
stimulus- muscle length energy change- mechanical to electrical
38
stimulus and energy change of chemical receptors- taste buds on toungue
stimulus- chemicals energy change- chemical binding receptors to electrical
39
What is the function of pacinian corpuscles
convert pressure changes into movement/ mechanical energy
40
what happens when pressure is applied to the pacinian corpuscles
- an influx of sodium ions alters the potential across the membrane causing it to become depolarised. - if the generator potential is large enough it will trigger an action potential - this travels along the neurone and then will passes via neurones of the sensory nervous system to the CNS
41
What is the foria centralis
the area of the retina onto which the image is focused
42
What is the optic nerve known as?
the blind spot due to having no photo receptors
43
Rods and cone cells are examples of energy transducers. Explain what is meant by this.
- they convert energy in light form to the electrical form - photoreceptors detect light - results in a generator potential that if large enough will become an action potential in the optic nerve.
44
How many rods are there in each eye
120 million
45
how many cones are there in each eye
6 million
46
distribution of rods in the retina
found in the periphery with none in the fovea
47
distribution of cones in the retina
high concentration in fovia will decrease as move to periphery
48
how many cell types of rods are there
1
49
hoe many cell types of cones are there
3- different forms of iodopsin (blue, green, red sensitive)
50
number of rods connected to a single bipolar cell
multiple
51
number of cones connected to a single bipolar cell
eachcone forms synapse with single bipolar cell ( high visual acuity)
52
how sensitive to light are rods
single light photon will result in sufficient breakdown of rhodopsin to generate action potentials
53
how sensitive to light are cones
require higher light intensity to produce AP - allows colours to be distinguished
54
visual acuity of rods (being able to distinguish between two points)
Low as several rods form synapse with single bipolar cells
55
visual acuity of cones
high
56
role of rods
- black and white vision - allows vision at low light - intensity- night vision - detect movement
57
role of cones
allows colours to be distinguished
58
where are 90% of cones found
in the fervia
59
suggest how the balance of rods and cones would differ for a nocturnal mammal compared to those active during the day
- retina consists almost entirely of rods - have larger eyes to compensate
60
summary of the role of the parasympathetic nervous system
- resting and digesting - conserves energy - most active during sleep/ relaxation
61
summary of the role of the sympathetic nervous system
- fright, flight, flight response - prepares body for action - most active during times of stress
62
what does the autonomic nervous system do?
controls involuntary activity of muscles and glands. it is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. they work antagonistically together
63
state the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the following things- cardiac output (hear rate/ stroke volume)- Bloodflow- ventilation rate- digestion- blood glucose levels-
cardiac output (hear rate/ stroke volume)- decrease Bloodflow- decrease ventilation rate- decrease digestion- increase blood glucose levels- decrease (glucose- glycogen)
64
tate the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the following things- cardiac output (hear rate/ stroke volume)- Bloodflow- ventilation rate- digestion- blood glucose levels-
cardiac output (hear rate/ stroke volume)- increase Bloodflow- increase ventilation rate- increase digestion- decrease blood glucose levels- increase
65
define myogenic
the cells contract without needing nervous input. under resting conditions, heartbeat is initiated by the SAN
66
what is the role of the heart
- transport of oxygen glucose and nutrients to cells - to remove urea, carbon dioxide and water products out of the body -transport of hormones - distribution of heat
67
whats the set frequency of contractions in the heart
60-80bpm
68
what is bpm controlled by
cardiovascullar centre of medulla oblongata
69
role of the sinoatrial node
initiates an impulse which spreads across the atria and causes them to contract
70
where is the sinatrial node located
right atrium
71
role of the atrioventricular node
impulse passes through the AVN which delays it, giving time for all blood to leave the atria
72
where is the bundle of hiss and bundle branches
septum
73
role of the bundle of hiss and bundle branches
impulse passes through the AVN which delays it, giving time for all blood to leave the atria
74
where is the purkyne tissue located
septum and ventricular walls
75
role of the purkyne tissue
impulse passes through the purkyne tissue in the walls of the ventricles which contract from the bottom up.
76
describe the cardiac cycle (5 stages)
1. sinoatrial node initiates an impulse which spreads across the atria and causes them to contract 2. atrioventricular node- impulse passes through the AVN which delays it, giving time for all blood to leave the atria 3. impulse passes through the AVN which delays it, giving time for all blood to leave the atria 4. impulse passes through the purkyne tissue in the walls of the ventricles which contract from the bottom up 5. blood is forced up and out through the semilunar valves into the arteries.

6. Responses to stimuli (9 decks)

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