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Anatomy & Physiology II > Respritory & Digestive > Flashcards

Respritory & Digestive Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Pleura

A

Provides Lubrication
Pleural fluids fills the pleural cavity
Visceral Pleura on external lung surface

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2
Q

External Respiration

A

O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and the blood

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3
Q

Internal Respiration

A

O2 and CO2 exchange between the systemic blood vessels and tissues

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4
Q

Transport

A

O2 and Co2 in the blood

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5
Q

What are the functions of the nose

A 
provides and airway fr respiration
moistens and warms the entering air
filters and cleans the inspired air
serves as a resonating chamber for speech
houses olfactory receptors
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6
Q

olfactory mucosa

A

lines the superior nasal cavity

contains smell receptors

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7
Q

respiratory mucosa

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
mucous and serous secretions contain lysozyme and defensins
Cilia move contaminated mucus posteriorly to throat
inspired air is warmed by plexuses of capillaries and veins

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8
Q

Function of Conchae

A

Filter hear, and moisten air

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9
Q

Larynx

A

Vocal fold may act as a sphincter to prevent air passage

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10
Q

Valsalvas maneuver

A

Glottis closes to prevent exhalation

Intra abdominal pressure rises

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11
Q

How many lobes on right lung?

A

3

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12
Q

How many lobes on left lung

A

2

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13
Q

Inspiration

A

gases flow into the lungs

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14
Q

Expiration

A

gases exit the lungs

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15
Q

What are the mechanical processes that depend on volume changes in the thoracic cavity?

A

Volume changes ->pressure changes

Pressure changes -> gases flow to equalize pressure

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16
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Pressure (P) varies inversely with volume (V)

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17
Q

Expiration

A

quiet expiration is normally a passive process
inspiratoy muscles relax
Thoracic cavity volume

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18
Q

Spirometer

A

instrument used to measure respiratory volumes and capacities

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19
Q

Control of Respiration

A

Involves neurons in the reticular formation of the medulla and pons

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20
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Increased depth rate of breathing that exceeds the bodys need to remove CO2
Causes CO2 levels to decline (hypocapnia)

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21
Q

Apnea

A

period of breathing cessation that occurs when Pco2 is abnormally low

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22
Q

Influence of Po2

A

peripheral chemo-receptors in the aortic and carotid bodies are O2 sensors
When excited they cause the respiratory centers to increase ventilation

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23
Q

What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant?

A

Rising CO2 levels

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24
Q

Where alveolar O2 is high

Study These Flashcards
A

arterioles dilate

25
where alveolar P2 is low
arterioles constrict
26
Where alveolar CO2 is high
bronchioles dilate
27
Where alveolar CO2 is low
bronchioles constrict
28
Surface tension
attracts liquid molecules to one another at a gas liquid interface Resists any force that tends to increase the surface area of the liquid
29
Surfactant
reduced surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse Insufficient quantity in premature infants causes infant respiratory distress syndrome
30
Pulmonary Irritant reflexes
receptors in the bronchioles respond to irritants | promote reflexive constriction of air passages
31
Respiratory adjustments: exercise
adjustments are geared to both the intensity and duration of exercise Pco2 Po2 and pH remain surprisingly constant during exercise
32
Hyperpnea
increase in ventilation (10 to 20 fold( in response to metabolic needs
33
Respiratory Adjustments: High Altitude
Quick travel to altitudes to above 8000 feet may produce symptoms of acute mountain sickness
34
Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)
Headaches, shortness of breath, nausea, and dizziness | In severe cases lethal cerebral and pulmonary edema
35
COPD - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
History of smoking in 80% of patients
36
Asthma
Characterized by coughing, dyspnea, wheezing, and chest lightness Active inflammation of the airway precedes bronchospasms Airway inflammation is an immune response caused by production of IgE Airways thickened
37
Tuberculosis
Infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis Symptoms include fever, night sweats, wight loss, a racking cough, and spitting up blood
38
Lung Cancer
90% of all cases are the result of smoking
39
Atelectasis - lung collapse
due to plugged bronchioles -> collapse of alveoli | Wound that admits air into pleural cavity
40
Hypoxia
``` inadequate )2 delivery to tissues due to: too few RBCs Abnormal or too little Hb Blocked circulation Metabolic poisons Pulmonary disease Carbon Monoxide ```
41
Henrys Law
When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid each gas will dissolve in the liquid the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid also depends upon its solubility CO2 is 30 times more soluble in water than O2
42
partial pressure gradient for O2 in the lungs is steep
Venous blood Po2=40 mm Hb | Alveolar P02=104 mm Hb
43
Partial pressure gradient for CO2 in the lungs is less steep
Venous blood Pco2=45 mm Hb | Alveolar Pco2=40 mm Hb
44
O2 transport
Molecular O2 is carried in the blood 1.5% dissolves in plasma 98.5% loosely bound to each Fe ol hemoglobin in RBCs 4 o2 per Hb Transformation of RBCs causes release of O2
45
Loading and unloading of O2 is facilitated by
change in shape of Hb
46
In arterial blood Hb is
98% saturated
47
Further increases in Po2 (breathing deeply)
produce minimal increases in O2 binding
48
Only 20-25 % of bound O2 is unloaded during
one systemic circulation
49
CO2 Transport
CO2 is transported in the blood in three forms 7-10 % dissolve in plasma 20% bound to globin of hemoglobin 70% transported as bicarbonate ions in plasma
50
Henrys Law
When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid each gas will dissolve in the liquid the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid also depends upon its solubility CO2 is 30 times more soluble in water than O2
51
partial pressure gradient for O2 in the lungs is steep
Venous blood Po2=40 mm Hb | Alveolar P02=104 mm Hb
52
Partial pressure gradient for CO2 in the lungs is less steep
Venous blood Pco2=45 mm Hb | Alveolar Pco2=40 mm Hb
53
O2 transport
Molecular O2 is carried in the blood 1.5% dissolves in plasma 98.5% loosely bound to each Fe ol hemoglobin in RBCs 4 o2 per Hb Transformation of RBCs causes release of O2
54
Loading and unloading of O2 is facilitated by
change in shape of Hb
55
In arterial blood Hb is
98% saturated
56
Further increases in Po2 (breathing deeply)
produce minimal increases in O2 binding
57
Only 20-25 % of bound O2 is unloaded during
one systemic circulation
58
CO2 Transport
CO2 is transported in the blood in three forms 7-10 % dissolve in plasma 20% bound to globin of hemoglobin 70% transported as bicarbonate ions in plasma

Anatomy & Physiology II (2 decks)

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