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Biology GCSE > Respuration and gas exchange in humans > Flashcards

Respuration and gas exchange in humans Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular Respiration Definition

A

An exothermique reaction which transfers energy from glucose and is continuously occurring in living cells. Breaks apart glucose molecules to RELEASE energy in the form of ATP

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2
Q

How do organisms use the energy?

A
  • To build larger molecules from smaller ones (amino acids —> proteins
  • For muscular contraction (to move)
  • To maintain our body temp
  • Lots of Reactions in our cells
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3
Q

What is the combination of all reactions in living cells?

A

Metabolism- All the chemic processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

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4
Q

Aerobic Repiration

A

Takes place in the mitochondria when there is enough oxygen. It’s the most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose and it happens continuously.

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5
Q

Aerobic Respiration Word Equation

A

Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon Dioxide + Water + (ATP)

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6
Q

Aerobic Respiration Symbol Equation

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 —> 6H2O + 6CO2

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7
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Only occurs when there isn’t enough oxygen. It has an incomplete breakdown of glucose molecules which doesn’t unlock all energy. There is also a build up of lactic acid that we need to get rid of later. Occurs in the cytoplasm.

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8
Q

Anaerobic Respiration Word Equation, Humans

A

Glucose —> Lactic Acid (+ATP), (only lasts for a short amount of time & ATP causes cramps)

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9
Q

Anaerobic Respiration Word Equation, Plants

A

Glucose —> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

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10
Q

Anaerobic Respiration, Yeast (plants)

A

For yeast, this is called fermentation

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11
Q

What happens when you Exercise, Aerobic

A

Increased effort, breathing increases, heart rate increases as it requires more energy and oxygen to carry out aerobic respiration

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12
Q

Anaerobic Respiration Exercise

A

It’s far less efficient than aerobic. Builds up latin acid in your tissues (burning sensation), to get rid of it you react it with oxygen (oxygen debt). The blood varies lactic acidosis from muscles to the liver so it can react with oxygen and converted back to glucose.

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13
Q

How to measure breathing rate

A

-How many times chest rises and falls in 1 min

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14
Q

How to measure heart rate

A

-Measure the pulse

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15
Q

Investigate the effect of exercise has on breathing rate (CORMS)

A

C- Amount of star jumps performed (consistently)
O- Human
R- Repeat each recording 3 times and take average
M- Measure number of breaths per min)
S- Same person, same exercise, time of recovery (20s between), consistent jumps

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16
Q

Investigate the effect of exercise has on breathing rate (IV, DV, CV)

A

IV- Amount of star jumps
DV- Number of breaths standing
CV- person, exercise, time, time between

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17
Q

Function of lungs

A

To give the oxygen from the air all around us to the blood cells to the respiring cells

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18
Q

Trachea (wind pipe)

A

Long tube that connects your larynx to the bronchi. Carries the air to the lungs lined with cells making mucus and cells with cilia to move the mucus away.

19
Q

Bronchi

A

Two large tubes that carry air from your trachea to your lungs

20
Q

Bronchioles

A

Air passages inside the lungs that branch off from the bronchi and lead to the alveoli. Carry’s air to the alveoli.

21
Q

Alveoli

A

Where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in & out. Tiny sacs that are adapted for gas exchange

22
Q

Alveoli Adaptations

A
  • Very thin walls
  • Large Surface area (lots of alveoli)
  • Moist
  • High concentration gradient
23
Q

Alveoli adaptations: Thin Walls

A

Thin walls mean their is a short diffusion distance which increases rate of diffusion

24
Q

Alveoli Adaptations: High SA

A

High surface area increases rate of diffusion

25
Q

Alveoli Adaptations: Moist

A

The walls being moist allows the gases to dissolve and it increases rate of diffusion

26
Q

Alveoli Adaptations: High concentration gradient

A

High concentration gradient allows the oxygen in the alveoli to diffuse down into the capillaries (and the opposite for carbon dioxide) which increases rate of diffusion (constant supply)

27
Q

How is carbon dioxide carried?

A

It is dissolved in the blood plasma

28
Q

How is oxygen carried?

A

Carried by red blood cells

29
Q

Calculate the breathing rate

A

No of breaths taken/ no of mins = breaths per min

30
Q

Diaphragm

A

Separates the abdomen from the thorax. Sheet of muscle (domed) which helps the process of breathing.

31
Q

Ribs

A

Protect and ventilates the lungs

32
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

Around the outside of the lungs, the move ribs for ventilation/breathing

33
Q

Pleural Membrane

A

Provide an airtight seal around the chest cavity, separates the inside of the thorax from the lungs

34
Q

Breathing in

A
  • Intercostal muscles contract pulling the rib cage, up and out
  • Diaphragm also contracts and flattens
  • Volume increases
  • Means there is a lower pressure inside than outside
  • Meaning air is forced in to balance out the pressure
35
Q

Breathing out

A
  • Intercostal muscles relax and the ribs move down and in
  • The diaphragm relaxes and move back to the dome shape
  • Volume inside is much smaller
  • Meaning pressure inside is higher than outside
  • Meaning air is forced out the lungs to balance out the pressure
36
Q

Effects of smoking: Lungs

A
  • Lung cancer
  • Chronic Bronchitis
  • Emphysema
37
Q

Lung cancer

A

Smoking produces carcinogens, producing a large tumour in the lungs

38
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A

In a healthy bronchi and bronchioles, they are covered in cilia (microscopic hairs) that waft mucus. When you smoke the cilia get paralysed and you get lots of chest infections, (more mucus is produced) causes smokers cough and chronic bronchitis

39
Q

Emphysema

A

Alveoli burst and reduces SA for gas exchange, person doesn’t get enough oxygen

40
Q

Effects of smoking: Circulatory system

A
  • Heart attack
  • Coronary heart disease
  • High amount of carbon monoxide
  • Vasoconstriction
41
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

When you get fatty deposits in the of the coronary arteries (supply to the heart). Meaning it blocks blood flow (blood clots) and you get a heart attack.

42
Q

Carbon monoxide

A

Carbon monoxide produced by smoking binds the the haemoglobin meaning the heart beats faster with a higher pressure damaging the artery’s and meaning blood clots occur.

43
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Nicotine makes blood cells more sticky and narrows blood vessels (vasoconstriction)

Biology GCSE (12 decks)

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