RESS

Question 1

Define hypothesis

Answer 1

Testable statement that describes an observation

Question 2

Define theory

Answer 2

well confirmed explanation of nature but remains falsifiable

Question 3

Define Health Outcome

Answer 3

Impact healthcare activities have on people

Focusses on what results from what is done

Question 4

Name the 3 health outcomes

Answer 4

Record Based
Biological and Clinical Outcomes
Clinician and Patient-reported outomes

Question 5

Give an example of record based health outcome

Answer 5

Mortality, incidence

Question 6

Give an example of Biological and clinical outcomes

Answer 6

Lab results, BMI, Blood pressure

Question 7

Give an example of Clinician and patient-reported outcomes

Answer 7

Symptom score

HRQOL

Question 8

Define Incidence

Answer 8

New cases of that disease arising in a population over a defined period of time
Number of new cases/Number at risk (in a given period of time)

Question 9

Define Prevalence

Answer 9

Cases of people living with the disease

Number of people with a disease/Number of people in the population (at a given time)

Question 10

Define Case Fatality Rate

Answer 10

Number of people who die from the disease/Number of people with disease in period

Question 11

Define Mortality Rate

Answer 11

Number of people who die from the disease/Number of people who die in period of time

Question 12

Define Stratum

Answer 12

Subgroup of your individuals in the sample

Question 13

Define Risk

Answer 13

Number of new cases/Number at risk

Question 14

Define Odds

Answer 14

Probability of event/Probability that event doesn’t occur

Question 15

Define and explain relative risk

Answer 15

Risk in exposed group/Risk in unexposed group
=1 means no benefit or harm
>1 means harmful effect

Question 16

What is standard error used to calculate?

Answer 16

The confidence intervals

Question 17

Define P-value

Answer 17

probability that such a test specific could take a value at least that extreme

Question 18

Pearson Correlation Coefficient

Answer 18

Measured between two numeric variables

Question 19

When should PCC not be used?

Answer 19

Non Linear relationship
Outliers
Distinct Sub Groups

Question 20

When is Spearman Rank Used?

Answer 20

When data is not normally distributed, when a variable is ordinal or a small sample size

Question 21

Define Linear Regression

Answer 21

Fitting a straight line to points on scatterplot

Question 22

Define Censoring

Answer 22

Leaving the study before the event occurs or entering after

Question 23

Define failure

Answer 23

The time the person leaves the study is known, may be due to event or people lost

Question 24

Define Right Censored

Answer 24

People did not reach failure before end of study

Question 25

Define Left Censored

Answer 25

Not certain what happened to people before they entered study

Question 26

Give a common health related status

Answer 26

Death

Question 27

Give three keyword search methods

Answer 27

``` Truncation (eg. anorexi = anorexia, anorexic) Adjacency Searching (relate two things together) Wildcards (eg. behavio?ral = one character or none) (eg. behavio#ral = one character) ```

Question 28

Give the common Boolean Searches

Answer 28

AND - requires both words to be returned OR - either terms or both will be returned NOT - first term is searched and removes any with second term

Question 29

How would you summarise the data of normally distributed data?

Answer 29

Mean and Standard Deviation

Question 30

How would you summarise the data of non normally distributed data?

Answer 30

Median and IQR

Question 31

What graph would you use to describe the distribution of a continuous variable?

Answer 31

Histogram

Question 32

Define Sensitivity

Answer 32

Percentage of people who are correctly identified in having the disease TP/TP+FN

Question 33

Define Specificity

Answer 33

Percentage of people who are correctly identified in not having the disease TN/TN+FP

Question 34

Define Positive Predictive Value

Answer 34

Probability of someone having the disease given a positive test result TP/TP+FP

Question 35

Define Negative Predictive Value

Answer 35

Probability of someone not having the disease give a negative test result TN/TN+FN

Question 36

Define Null Hypothesis

Answer 36

Assumes no effect in the population

Question 37

Define Standard Deviation

Answer 37

Measure of spread of a distribution

Question 38

Define Statistic

Answer 38

Sample estimate from population

Question 39

Define Standard Error

Answer 39

Measure of the precision of the sample mean

Question 40

Define Validity

Answer 40

Measure accurately what it is meant to measure | Eg. BMI rather than weight as measuring obesity

Question 41

Define Reliability

Answer 41

Give same result when retested

Question 42

Define Responsiveness

Answer 42

Can detect real changes when they occur | Eg. Continuous QoL scale rather than categorical

Question 43

Define Continuous Data and an example

Answer 43

Numerical value with no limitation on values | Eg. Weight, regardless of whole units or not

Question 44

Define Discrete Data and an example

Answer 44

Numerical Value with limitations on values | Eg. number of hospital admissions

Question 45

Define Ordinal data and an example

Answer 45

Ordered category | Eg. Likert's scale, stage of disease

Question 46

Define Nominal data and an example

Answer 46

Non ordered category | Eg. Blood group, sex