Ressarch Methods Key Words

Question 1

Ecological validity

Answer 1

How well a study represents everyday life

No additional information

Question 2

Population validity

Answer 2

How well the results of a study represents everyone in the wider population

How well it ensures the research influences the participants response

Question 3

Hypothesis

Answer 3

A precise and testable statement about the relationship between 2 variables

The experiment forces you to reject your null hypothesis

Question 4

Directional hypothesis

Answer 4

When the researcher predicts a specific direction in the results

No additional information

Question 5

Non-directional hypothesis

Answer 5

The researcher predicts a difference between the variables but doesn’t know the direction of the difference

No additional information

Question 6

Null hypothesis

Answer 6

A prediction that there will be no difference between the variables

No additional information

Question 7

Significant data

Answer 7

Results have occurred due to the impact of the independent variable

No additional information

Question 8

Insignificant data

Answer 8

Data found was due to chance

No additional information

Question 9

IV

Answer 9

What the researcher manipulates or what is naturally occurring in an experiment

No additional information

Question 10

Internal validity

Answer 10

How accurate the results of a study is and how well it measures what it’s meant to

Question 11

Demand characteristic

Answer 11

when people know they are being studied so they behave unnaturally to fit in with the aims of the study

Question 12

Reliability

Answer 12

Repeating a study after some time to check for consistency and for similar results

Question 13

Investigators effects

Answer 13

The researcher influences the participants behaviour & response

Question 14

Alternative hypothesis

Answer 14

A hypothesis you accept if the data of the experiment forces you to reject your null hypothesis

Question 15

Dependent variable

Answer 15

what’s measured to show the effect of the IV

Question 16

Operationalisation

Answer 16

How variables are designed and measured

Question 17

Briefing

Answer 17

Meeting at the start of the study in which participants are asked for consent and details of the experiment is given

Question 18

Informed consent

Answer 18

When you tell the aims and details of the procedure to the participants and their right to withdraw is told to them too.

Question 19

Presumptive consent

Answer 19

Asking for consent from a group of people in the same target population and persume that everyone else gives consent if they do.

Question 20

Prior general consent

Answer 20

Participants give permission to take part in multiple studies including ones with deception

Question 21

Retrospective consent

Answer 21

Consent asked after debriefing

Question 22

Right to withdraw

Answer 22

Told they can leave at anytime in the study

Question 23

Confidentiality/ anonymity

Answer 23

Keeping study reports private

Question 24

Protection from harm

Answer 24

Participants protected from physical and psychological harm

Question 25

Debriefing

Answer 25

Making sure participants are the same after the study, remind them of their rights and allow them to ask questions

Question 26

Lab experiment

Answer 26

Experiment conducted in artificial environment and the if IV manipulated to see the effect on the DV

Question 27

Field experiment

Answer 27

Carried out in a more natural setting however some control over the IV

Question 28

Natural experiment

Answer 28

IV carried naturally so we can observe how it affects the DV and in a natural setting

Question 29

Quasi experiment

Answer 29

Participants aren’t randomly assigned to groups, the groups are naturally occurring

Question 30

Extraneous variables

Answer 30

Variables other then the IV that affects the DV

Question 31

Participant EV

Answer 31

Concern factors about the participant

Question 32

Situational EV

Answer 32

Concerns on the experimental setting and surround environment

Question 33

Experimenter EV

Answer 33

Researcher’s personality, appearance, conduct of research and communication affecting the DV

Question 34

External validity

Answer 34

Used to describe ecological and population validity

Question 35

Repeated group/ within subject design

Answer 35

Same participants being tested in all conditions

Question 36

Independent group design

Answer 36

Participants take part in only one of the conditions

Question 37

Matched pair design

Answer 37

Participants paired on a keycparticipant variable they share

Question 38

Order effects

Answer 38

When participants get bored or tired from the experiment

Question 39

Practice effects

Answer 39

When participants get better at a task from repeatedly doing It

Question 40

Randomisation

Answer 40

Randomly picking the order of the conditions

Question 41

Random allocation

Answer 41

Participants are randomly allocated to their conditions, everyone has an equal chance

Question 42

Sampling techniques

Answer 42

How participants are recruited

Question 43

Target population

Answer 43

Group of people the researcher is interested in

Question 44

Sample

Answer 44

Number of people from an entire population

Question 45

Random sampling

Answer 45

Each member of the population has a chance of being selected

Question 46

Systematic sampling

Answer 46

Choosing every Nth person from a list of the target population to participate

Question 47

Stratified sampling

Answer 47

Sample selected in the same proportion & ratio as the whole population

Question 48

Opportunity sampling

Answer 48

Asking people who are available in taking part

Question 49

Volunteering sampling/self selected sample:

Answer 49

Advertising in a newspaper or notice board & participants choose to take part and contact you