Rest of Exam 2 information Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
3 domains
A
eubacteria, archaea, and eukarya
2
Q
5 kingdoms
A
moneara, protists, fungi, plants, and animals
3
Q
___ involves fungi, plantae, and animals
A
eukarya (protists)
4
Q
includes bacteria and archaea; no organelles, circular chromosomes; moves by flagella
A
prokaryotes
5
Q
These describe cell walls in ___:
- maintains cell shape, protection
- composed of peptidoglycan in bacteria
- phospholipid bilayer
A
bacteria
6
Q
These describe cell walls in ___:
- chemically distinct from other organisms
A
archaea
7
Q
prokaryotes reproduce quickly by ___ ___, which can divide every 1-3 hours; mitosis (division into 2 cells)
A
binary fission
8
Q
photoautotroph and chemoautotroph are ___
A
autotrophs
9
Q
photoheterotroph and chemoheterotroph are ___
A
heterotrophs
10
Q
energy source is light; cyanobacteria
A
photoautotroph
11
Q
energy source is inorganic chemicals; sulfolobus
A
chemoautotroph
12
Q
energy source is light; rhodobacter
A
photoheterotroph
13
Q
energy source is organic compounds; many prokaryotes
A
chemoheterotroph
14
Q
Many prokaryotes have ___ relationships
A
symbiotic
15
Q
___ are often found in extreme environments
A
archaeans
16
Q
Protists lack ___; thought to be some of the oldest eukaryotes, and many are parasitic
A
mitochondria
17
Q
haploid cells transform into gametes, and gametes fuse to form zygotes
A
zygotic life cycle
18
Q
causes malaria
A
plasmodium
19
Q
produce 2 types of multicellular organisms (diploid and haploid); many algae and land plants
A
alternation of generations
20
Q
eukaryotic, multi-cellular, and heterotrophic (absorptive); do not ingest their food
A
fungi
21
Q
Fungi secretes exoenzymes into their ___ that break down complex molecules, then ___ smaller organic molecules
A
surroundings; absorb
22
Q
often parasites, caused frog decline; hyphae, 1,000 species
A
chytrids
23
Q
bread molds; 1,000 species
A
zygomycetes
24
Q
myccorhizae; fungal hyphae, 160 species
A
glomeromycetes
25
sac fungi, morels; 65,000 species
ascomycetes
26
mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts; 30,000 species
basidiomycetes
27
___ makes up most of the structure of a fungus
hyphae
28
Thin tubular threads (haploid)
hyphae
29
hyphae massed together forms a mat called a ___
mycelium
30
___ have large holes in them, allowing organelles to pass from cell to cell; some hyphal cells are divided from one another by this
septa
31
fusion of nuclei
karyogamy
32
cell fusion is ___
plasmogamy
33
the diploid phase is the ___
zygote
34
diploid phase (zygote) following karyogamy is short lived and undergoes meiosis, producing ___ spores
haploid
35
gametophyte is ___, which produces gametes via mitosis
haploid
36
sporophyte is ___, which produces haploid spores via meiosis
diploid
37
__ can develop into a multicellular individual w/o fusing to another cell
spores
38
___ must fuse with another cell
gametes
39
eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotroph (photosynthetic)
plants
40
What kingdom is this:
- eukaryote
- multicellular, heterotroph
- involves insects, humans, and worms
animals
41
What kingdom is this:
- eukaryote
- multicellular, autotroph
- involves venus fly trap and moss
plants
42
What kingdom is this:
- eukaryote
- multicellular/ unicellular, heterotroph
- involves yeast, mushrooms, and mold
fungi
43
What kingdom is this:
- eukaryote
- multicellular/ unicellular, autotroph/ heterotroph
- involves algae, paramecia, and seaweed
protist
44
What kingdom is this:
- prokaryote
- unicellular, autotroph/ heterotroph
- don't live in extreme places, found mostly everywhere
live in/ on person's body (E. coli)
eubacteria
45
What kingdom is this:
- prokaryote
- unicellular, autotroph/ heterotroph
- lives in extreme places (i.e. hot springs, acidic places)
archaebacteria
46
- decrease in dependence on water (vascular tissue, for reproduction)
- increase in sporophyte portion of life cycle
- increase in height/ size
These are ___ in plants
trends
47
closest relatives of plant kingdom; means that the ancestor of all modern plants was a green ___ living in an aquatic environment
charophytes
48
Features that distinguish plant kingdom from charophytes are their adaptations to a __ environment
terrestrial
49
have stomata, waxy cuticle
non-vascular plants
50
cells with one set of chromosomes (n); gametophyte that has __ cells --> gametes (sperm, egg)
haploid
51
cells with two sets of chromosomes (2n); sporophyte that has ___ cells
diploid
52
diploid cell resulting from fusion of two haploid gametes; fertilized ovum
zygote
53
dominant form in vascular plants
sporophyte
54
multicellular haploid plant; formed from spore and gives rise to haploid gametes
gametophyte
55
seedless, nonvascular plants; closest relative of early terrestrial plants; mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
bryophytes
56
no vascular tissue to transport nutrients, water, and food; water/ nutrients circulate inside specialized conducting cells
nonvascular plants
57
Non-vascular plants are small due to poor transport of ___ and ___
water; gas
58
Nonvascular plants thrive in mostly __ habitats
damp
59
Bryophytes are nonvascular b/c they don't have ___
tracheids
60
nonvascular plant life cycle:
in ___, gametophyte is the dominant form; sporophyte appears for only short period
bryophytes
61
nonvascular plant life cycle:
___ is dependent on the gametophyte; remains permanently attached to it in order to gain nutrition and protection
sporophyte
62
gymnosperms and angiosperms are all ___ plants
vascular
63
transports and stores water and water-soluble nutrients in vascular plants
xylem
64
responsible for transporting sugars, proteins, and other organic molecules in plants
phloem
65
able to grow higher than other plants due to rigidity of xylem cells, which support plant
vascular plants
66
___ is one way only, and ___ two way movement
xylem; phloem
67
Ferns, horsetail; reproduce w/ haploid, unicellular spores instead of seeds
seedless vascular plants
68
haploid structure or organ producing containing male gametes (sperm)
antheridium
69
multicellular structure where female gametes (eggs) are produced sporangia
archegonium
70
where spores are produced
sporangia
71
seed plants; have evolved cones to carry their reproductive structures; vascular system, roots, xylem, phloem
gymnosperms
72
ovules and seeds of gymnosperms develop on the scales of cones rather than in enclosed chamber called ___
ovaries
73
live in warm climates, have large, compound leaves and are unusual (pollinated by beetles rather than wind)
cycads
74
only remaining species of gingkophyta, usually resistant to pollution
gingko biloba
75
gymnosperms that are believed to be closely related to angiosperms b/c of the presence of vessel elements within their stems
gnetophytes
76
gametophyte is dominant; sporophyte is reduced/ dependent on gametophyte for nutrition
mosses; other nonvascular plsnts
77
sporophyte is dominant; gametophyte is reduced/ independent
ferns; other seedless vascular plants
78
sporophyte is dominant; gametophyte is reduced/ dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition
seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)
79
producing both male and female gametophytes
heterosporous
80
the larger spore of a heterosporous plant, typically producing a female gametophyte
megaspore
81
a small spore, as contrasted to the larger megaspore, which develops into male gametophytes
microspore
82
the structure in a plant that develops into a seed after fertilization; the megasporangium of a seed plant with its enclosing integuments
ovule
83
the equivalent to a leaf in ferns and mosses that bears the sporangia
sporophyll
84
modern angiosperms appear to be a ___ group
monophyletic
85
Diploid microsporangium makes haploid microspores which develop into ___ grains (each contains male gametophyte)
pollen
86
generative cell of gametophyte divides into ___ sperm
2
87
Tube cell forms ___ tube
pollen
88
Diploid megasporangium makes ___ haploid megaspores. One becomes female gametophyte
4
89
female gametophyte contains ___ egg
haploid
90
female gametophyte also contains a central cell with __ nuclei
2
91
the tube cell ___ interspecies fertilization
reduces
92
eukaryotic, multicellular, and heterotrophic (ingestive)
animals
